By the time, Once, The moment

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Oddiy payt bog‘lovchilarini bilasiz: when, before, after, while. B2 darajasida esa voqealar orasidagi vaqt munosabatini aniqroq aytadigan bog‘lovchilar kerak bo‘ladi:

• as soon as / the moment / once — “...ishi bilanoq”, “...gan zahoti”: As soon as I get home, I’ll call you.
• by the time — “...gan paytga kelib”: By the time we arrived, the film had started.
• until / till — “...guncha”: Wait until I come back.
• no sooner ... than / hardly ... when — “...ishi bilan ... darhol” (adabiy, C1 darajada batafsil).

Bu bog‘lovchilarning hammasi uchun bitta juda muhim qoida bor: ular kelajak haqida gapirganda ulardan keyin will ishlatilmaydi — Present Simple yoki Present Perfect keladi.

I’ll call you as soon as I arrive. (as soon as I will arrive ✗)

O‘zbek tilida ham shunday: “Kelishim bilan qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman” — “kelishim” kelasi zamon shaklida emas. Shuning uchun bu qoida o‘zbek o‘quvchilari uchun mantiqiy.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. as soon as, the moment, the minute — darhol keyin.
2. once — “...gach”, bir marta tugagach.
3. by the time — o‘sha paytga kelib.
4. until va not ... until — qachongacha.
5. Kelajakda Present Simple va Present Perfect — qaysi birini tanlash.
6. whenever, every time, as — boshqa payt bog‘lovchilari.

as soon as, the moment, the minute

Bu bog‘lovchilar ikkinchi voqea birinchisidan darhol keyin bo‘lishini bildiradi. the moment va the minute — as soon as ning yanada kuchliroq, jonliroq varianti.

• I’ll call you as soon as I get home.Uyga kelishim bilan senga qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman.
• As soon as she saw the police, she ran away.Politsiyani ko‘rishi bilan u qochib ketdi.
• The moment I saw him, I knew something was wrong.Uni ko‘rgan zahotim nimadir noto‘g‘ri ekanini angladim.
• The minute the teacher left, the students started talking.O‘qituvchi chiqib ketgan zahoti talabalar gaplasha boshlashdi.
• Please reply as soon as possible.Iltimos, imkon qadar tezroq javob bering.

as soon as possible (ASAP) — juda ko‘p ishlatiladigan ibora: “imkon qadar tezroq”.

once — “...gach”

once — “...gach”, “...ganidan keyin”. U birinchi harakat tugashi muhimligini ta’kidlaydi: avval A tugaydi, keyin B boshlanadi. Ko‘pincha Present Perfect bilan keladi.

• Once you’ve finished your homework, you can watch TV.Uy vazifangni tugatgach, televizor ko‘rishing mumkin.
• Once you get used to it, it’s easy.Ko‘nikkaningdan keyin, bu oson.
• Once the guests had left, we cleaned the house.Mehmonlar ketgach, uyni tozaladik.
• It’s difficult to stop once you start.Bir boshlasang, to‘xtash qiyin.

Diqqat: once ning ikkinchi ma’nosi — “bir marta”: I’ve been there once. Bog‘lovchi sifatida esa “...gach”.

by the time — o‘sha paytga kelib

by the time + gap — “...gan paytga kelib”, “...guncha”. Bu bog‘lovchi bir voqea sodir bo‘lganda, ikkinchisi allaqachon tugagan bo‘lishini ko‘rsatadi. Shuning uchun asosiy gapda ko‘pincha perfect zamonlar keladi.

• By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.Kinoteatrga yetib kelganimizda film allaqachon boshlanib bo‘lgan edi.
• By the time the police arrived, the thief had escaped.Politsiya yetib kelguncha o‘g‘ri qochib ketgan edi.
• By the time you read this letter, I’ll have left.Bu xatni o‘qiyotganingda men ketib bo‘lgan bo‘laman.
• By the time I finish university, I’ll be 24.Universitetni tugatganimda 24 yoshda bo‘laman.

by the time va when farqi

• When we arrived, the film started.Biz yetib kelganimizda film boshlandi. (bir vaqtda)
• By the time we arrived, the film had started.Biz yetib kelganimizda film boshlanib bo‘lgan edi. (oldinroq)

until va not ... until

until (yoki till) — “...guncha”: harakat ma’lum voqeagacha davom etadi.

• Wait here until I come back.Men qaytib kelgunimcha shu yerda kut.
• We stayed until the party ended.Ziyofat tugaguncha qoldik.
• I won’t stop until I find the answer.Javobni topmagunimcha to‘xtamayman.

not ... until — “faqat ... dan keyingina”:

• I didn’t understand until he explained it again.U yana tushuntirmaguncha tushunmadim.
• Don’t open the door until I tell you.Men aytmagunimcha eshikni ochma.
• She won’t leave until she gets an answer.Javob olmaguncha u ketmaydi.

Batafsil — B1 darajasidagi “by va until farqi” darsida.

Kelajakda: Present Simple yoki Present Perfect?

Payt bog‘lovchisidan keyin kelajak haqida Present Simple ham, Present Perfect ham ishlatiladi. Farq nozik:

• I’ll tell her the news when she calls.U qo‘ng‘iroq qilganda yangilikni aytaman.
• After you’ve read the book, give it back to me.Kitobni o‘qib bo‘lgach, menga qaytarib ber.
• Once I’ve saved enough money, I’ll buy a car.Yetarli pul yig‘ib olgach, mashina sotib olaman.
• We’ll go out as soon as it stops raining.Yomg‘ir to‘xtashi bilan tashqariga chiqamiz.

Diqqat: hech qachon will emas: when I will arrive, as soon as he will finish — xato.

whenever, every time, as

• Whenever I feel sad, I listen to music.Har safar xafa bo‘lganimda musiqa tinglayman.
• Every time I go to that shop, it’s closed.Har safar o‘sha do‘konga borganimda u yopiq bo‘ladi.
• As I was walking home, I saw an old friend.Uyga ketayotganimda eski do‘stimni ko‘rdim.
• As time went on, things got better.Vaqt o‘tgan sari ishlar yaxshilandi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ikki voqea orasidagi munosabat qanday?
   • Darhol keyin → as soon as / the moment.
   • Birinchisi tugagach → once.
   • Birinchisi allaqachon tugagan bo‘ladi → by the time (+ perfect).
   • Qachongacha davom etadi → until.
2. Kelajak haqidami? → bog‘lovchidan keyin Present Simple / Perfect, will emas.
3. by the time bo‘lsa → asosiy gapda Past Perfect (o‘tmish) yoki Future Perfect (kelajak).

Misol: “Ishimni tugatishim bilan uyga ketaman.”

1. Darhol keyin, tugash muhim → as soon as / once + Present Perfect.

Misol: “Biz stansiyaga yetib kelganimizda poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi.”

1. Ikkinchi voqea oldinroq tugagan → by the time + Past Perfect.

Misol: “Yomg‘ir to‘xtaguncha kutaylik.”

1. Davomiylik → until.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: as soon as / once / until / by the time / when + Present Simple / Perfect (kelajak ma’nosida will yo‘q). by the time → asosiy gapda had done / will have done.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Aeroportda

• — Call me as soon as you land, OK?— Qo‘nishing bilan menga qo‘ng‘iroq qil, xo‘pmi?
• — Of course. But by the time I land, it’ll be 3 a.m. here.— Albatta. Lekin men qo‘nguncha bu yerda tungi soat uch bo‘ladi.
• — I don’t care. I won’t sleep until I know you’re safe.— Menga farqi yo‘q. Xavfsiz ekaningni bilmagunimcha uxlamayman.
• — Once I’ve checked into the hotel, I’ll send you a photo.— Mehmonxonaga joylashgach, senga rasm yuboraman.

Ishda

• — When can you start the new project?— Yangi loyihani qachon boshlay olasiz?
• — As soon as I’ve finished the report.— Hisobotni tugatishim bilan.
• — And when will that be?— U qachon bo‘ladi?
• — Probably by Thursday. The moment it’s done, I’ll let you know.— Ehtimol payshanbagacha. Tugashi bilan sizga xabar beraman.
• — Great. By the time you start, we’ll have hired two new people.— Zo‘r. Siz boshlaguningizcha ikkita yangi xodim yollagan bo‘lamiz.

Kichik matn: “Eng uzun kun”

Last Friday was the longest day of my life. My alarm didn’t go off, so by the time I woke up, it was already eight o’clock. I got dressed as quickly as I could, but by the time I reached the station, my train had left. I waited until the next one came, forty minutes later. The moment I walked into the office, my boss called me into a meeting. I didn’t have a break until three o’clock. As soon as I got home, I fell asleep on the sofa. Once I’d had some sleep, I felt much better. Now whenever I set my alarm, I check it twice!

Matndagi barcha payt bog‘lovchilarini toping. by the time dan keyingi gaplarda qaysi zamon ishlatilgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Uyga kelishim bilan senga xabar yozaman. → I’ll text you as soon as I get home.
2. Ishni tugatgach, dam olamiz. → Once we’ve finished the work, we’ll have a rest.
3. Biz yetib kelganimizda hamma ketib bo‘lgan edi. → By the time we arrived, everyone had left.
4. Men qaytib kelgunimcha shu yerda kut. → Wait here until I come back.
5. Uni ko‘rgan zahotim tanidim. → The moment I saw him, I recognised him.
6. Har safar o‘sha qo‘shiqni eshitganimda yig‘layman. → Whenever I hear that song, I cry.
7. Sen buni o‘qiyotganingda men ketib bo‘lgan bo‘laman. → By the time you read this, I’ll have left.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• as soon as / the moment / the minute — darhol keyin.
• once — “...gach”, birinchi harakat tugagach (ko‘pincha Present Perfect bilan).
• by the time — “...gan paytga kelib”; asosiy gapda Past Perfect yoki Future Perfect.
• until — ...guncha; not ... until — faqat ... dan keyingina.
• Kelajak haqida payt bog‘lovchisidan keyin will yo‘q — Present Simple / Present Perfect.
• whenever / every time — har safar; as — ...ayotganda, ...gan sari.