Compound Nouns
Qo‘shma otlar
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Inglizchada ikki otni yonma-yon qo‘yib, yangi ot yasash mumkin: bus + stop = bus stop (avtobus bekati). Bu qo‘shma ot (compound noun) deyiladi.
Asosiy qoida: ikkinchi ot — asosiy, birinchisi uni aniqlaydi (qanday? nima uchun?). O‘zbekchada ham shunday: avtobus bekati, tish cho‘tkasi.
- I’m waiting at the bus stop.Avtobus bekatida kutyapman.
- Where’s my toothbrush?Tish cho‘tkam qani?
- Our classroom is on the second floor.Sinfxonamiz ikkinchi qavatda.
- Can you give me the remote control?Pultni berib yuborasizmi?
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Qo‘shma ot qanday yasaladi.
- Uch xil yozilish: bitta so‘z, ikki so‘z, chiziqcha.
- Ko‘plik: faqat ikkinchi ot o‘zgaradi.
- Birinchi ot doim birlikda.
- Urg‘u birinchi so‘zda.
- Qo‘shma ot yoki ’s yoki of?
Yozilishi
Qo‘shma otlar uch xil yoziladi. Qoida yo‘q — lug‘atga qarash kerak:
| Bitta so‘z | Ikki so‘z | Chiziqcha bilan |
|---|---|---|
| bedroom | bus stop | mother-in-law |
| toothbrush | swimming pool | check-in |
| football | post office | passer-by |
| sunglasses | phone number | |
| homework | credit card |
Ma’no: ikkinchi ot — asosiy
- a coffee cupqahva piyolasi (bu — piyola)
- a cup of coffeebir piyola qahva (bu — qahva)
- a shoe shoppoyabzal do‘koni (bu — do‘kon)
- a shop windowdo‘kon vitrinasi (bu — vitrina)
Tartibni almashtirsangiz, ma’no o‘zgaradi: a race horse (poyga oti) — a horse race (ot poygasi).
Ko‘plik
Faqat ikkinchi (asosiy) ot ko‘plik oladi:
| Birlik | Ko‘plik |
|---|---|
| a bus stop | two bus stops |
| a toothbrush | three toothbrushes |
| a car park | car parks |
Birinchi ot — doim birlikda
Ma’no ko‘plik bo‘lsa ham, birinchi ot -s olmaydi (u sifat vazifasida):
| Xato | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|
| a shoes shop | a shoe shop |
| a books shelf | a bookshelf |
| a ten-years-old boy | a ten-year-old boy |
Istisnolar: sports car, clothes shop, sales manager — bu so‘zlar ko‘plik shaklida qotib qolgan.
-ing bilan
Birinchi qism -ing bo‘lishi mumkin — u vazifani bildiradi:
- a swimming poolsuzish havzasi
- a washing machinekir yuvish mashinasi
- a waiting roomkutish zali
- running shoesyugurish poyabzali
Urg‘u
Qo‘shma otlarda urg‘u odatda birinchi so‘zga tushadi: BUS stop, BEDroom, SWIMming pool.
Qo‘shma otlarning turlari
Qo‘shma otlar turli so‘z turkumlaridan yasalishi mumkin:
| Tur | Misollar |
|---|---|
| ot + ot | bus stop, toothbrush, football, bookshop |
| sifat + ot | blackboard, greenhouse, software, fast food |
| -ing + ot | swimming pool, washing machine, sleeping bag |
| fe’l + zarracha | breakdown, check-in, takeaway |
| ot + -ing | sightseeing, weightlifting, housekeeping |
- Let’s meet at the bus stop.Avtobus bekatida uchrashaylik.
- We have a big greenhouse in our garden.Bog‘imizda katta issiqxona bor.
- Don’t forget your sleeping bag!Uxlash xaltangni unutma!
- We went sightseeing in Bukhara.Buxoroda diqqatga sazovor joylarni ko‘rdik.
Diqqat: sifat + ot qo‘shma oti ma’nosi o‘zgaradi: a black board — qora taxta (har qanday), a blackboard — sinf doskasi. a green house — yashil uy, a greenhouse — issiqxona.
Joy, vaqt va maqsad ma’nolari
Birinchi ot ikkinchisini turli ma’nolarda aniqlashtiradi:
| Ma’no | Misollar |
|---|---|
| nimadan yasalgan | a gold ring, a paper bag, a glass door |
| nima uchun | a coffee cup, a bread knife, a toothbrush |
| qayerda | a kitchen table, city streets, a mountain village |
| qachon | summer holidays, a night train, morning coffee |
- She’s wearing a gold necklace.U oltin marjon taqqan.
- Put the sandwiches in a paper bag.Sendvichlarni qog‘oz paketga soling.
- We took a night train to Bukhara.Buxoroga tungi poyezdda bordik.
- I love the summer holidays!Yozgi ta’tilni yaxshi ko‘raman!
Egalik ’s va qo‘shma ot farqi
Ba’zan ’s va qo‘shma ot chalkashtiriladi:
| ’s (egalik — kimniki) | Qo‘shma ot (tur) |
|---|---|
| the girl’s bike — qizning velosipedi (aniq qiz) | a girls’ school — qizlar maktabi (tur) |
| my mother’s car — onamning mashinasi | a family car — oilaviy mashina (tur) |
| the cat’s food — mushukning ovqati | cat food — mushuk ovqati (mahsulot turi) |
- Where’s the dog’s bowl?Itning kosasi qayerda?
- We need to buy dog food.It ovqati sotib olishimiz kerak.
Bosqichma-bosqich
- Asosiy narsa nima? → u ikkinchi turadi.
- U qanday, nima uchun? → birinchi turadi, birlikda.
- Ko‘plik bo‘lsa → faqat ikkinchi otga -s.
Misol: “Avtobus chiptalari”
- Asosiy: chipta → ticket(s). Qanday? avtobus → bus.
Misol: “O‘yinchoq do‘koni”
- Asosiy: do‘kon → shop. Qanday? o‘yinchoq → toy (toys emas).
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ a shoes shop
✓ a shoe shop
Birinchi ot — birlikda.
✗ two bus stop
✓ two bus stops
Ko‘plik — ikkinchi otda.
✗ a stop bus
✓ a bus stop
Asosiy ot — ikkinchi.
✗ a pool swimming
✓ a swimming pool
Tartib: vazifa + ot.
✗ a car’s park
✓ a car park
’s kerak emas.
✗ a ten-years-old girl
✓ a ten-year-old girl
Birinchi qism birlikda.
✗ two toothsbrush
✓ two toothbrushes
-es — oxirida.
✗ a cup of coffee (bo‘sh idish ma’nosida)
✓ a coffee cup
Idish turi — qo‘shma ot.
✗ a shoes shop
✓ a shoe shop
Birinchi ot birlikda.
✗ I need a cat’s food. (mahsulot)
✓ I need cat food.
Mahsulot turi — qo‘shma ot.
✗ a pool for swimming (tabiiy emas)
✓ a swimming pool
Qo‘shma ot.
✗ two bus stop
✓ two bus stops
Ko‘plik — ikkinchi otda.
Eslab qoling: ikkinchi ot — asosiy. Birinchi ot — birlikda, ko‘plik — faqat oxirida.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Mehmonxonada
Our hotel is next to the bus station. The bedroom is big, and there’s a swimming pool on the roof. In the bathroom there’s a hairdryer, but I forgot my toothbrush! The receptionist gave me one. There’s also a gift shop and a car park. The Wi-Fi password is on the room key.
Mehmonxona qabulxonasida
- — Is there a swimming pool in the hotel?— Mehmonxonada basseyn bormi?
- — Yes, on the ground floor, next to the fitness centre.— Ha, birinchi qavatda, fitnes markazi yonida.
- — And where can I find a post office?— Pochta bo‘limini qayerdan topsam bo‘ladi?
- — There’s one near the bus station.— Avtovokzal yaqinida bittasi bor.
- — Thanks. Can I have a wake-up call at seven?— Rahmat. Soat yettida uyg‘otish qo‘ng‘irog‘i bo‘ladimi?
- — Of course. Here’s your room key.— Albatta. Mana xona kalitingiz.
Kichik matn: “Yangi kvartiram”
I’ve just moved into a new flat in a tower block in the city centre. It’s on the tenth floor, so I use the lift every day. The living room is big, and there’s a coffee table and a comfortable sofa. In the kitchen there’s a new washing machine and a dishwasher. My bedroom has a big wardrobe. There’s a bus stop right outside the building, and a shopping centre five minutes away. The only problem is the car park — it’s always full!
Matndagi barcha qo‘shma otlarni toping. Qaysilari bitta so‘z, qaysilari ikki alohida so‘z bilan yozilgan?
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- tish + cho‘tka → toothbrush
- kitob + do‘kon → bookshop / book shop
- two ___ (bus + stop, ko‘plik) → bus stops
- Tuzating: a shoes shop → a shoe shop
- Tuzating: a pool swimming → a swimming pool
- Qahva finjoni (idish turi) → a coffee cup
- Poyabzal do‘koni → a shoe shop
- Kir yuvish mashinasi → a washing machine
- Biz tungi poyezdda bordik. → We took a night train.
Qisqa xulosa
- Qo‘shma ot: ot + ot = yangi ot (bus stop).
- Ikkinchi ot — asosiy, birinchisi uni aniqlaydi.
- Yozilishi: bitta so‘z, ikki so‘z yoki chiziqcha — lug‘atga qarang.
- Ko‘plik — faqat ikkinchi otda: bus stops.
- Birinchi ot — birlikda: a shoe shop (shoes shop emas).
- -ing + ot: swimming pool, washing machine.
- Urg‘u — birinchi so‘zda.