Advanced Word Formation

Oddiy qilib aytganda

B1 darajasida asosiy prefiks va suffikslarni o‘rgangansiz: un-, dis-, -ness, -ful, -less. C1 darajasida esa akademik va mavhum so‘zlar yasaydigan murakkabroq qo‘shimchalar va so‘z oilalari o‘rganiladi:

• -ise / -ize — fe’l yasaydi: modern → modernise, real → realise.
• -ity — ot yasaydi: active → activity, possible → possibility.
• -ive — sifat yasaydi: create → creative, effect → effective.
• mis-, over-, under- — ma’noni o‘zgartiradi: misunderstand, overestimate, underpaid.
• So‘z oilalari: analyse — analysis — analyst — analytical — analytically.

C1 darajasida asosiy ko‘nikma — bitta so‘zni bilib, uning butun oilasini to‘g‘ri ishlata olish. Bu ayniqsa IELTS, Cambridge C1 (CAE) imtihonlaridagi word formation topshiriqlarida muhim: matndagi bo‘sh joyga so‘zning to‘g‘ri shaklini qo‘yish kerak.

O‘zbek tilida ham so‘z yasash boy: zamon → zamonaviy → zamonaviylashtirmoq → zamonaviylik. Ingliz tilida esa qo‘shimchalar ko‘pincha lotin va fransuz tilidan kelgan va imlo o‘zgarishlari bilan birga keladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Fe’l yasovchi suffikslar: -ise, -ify, -en, -ate.
2. Ot yasovchi suffikslar: -ity, -ism, -ship, -hood, -ance / -ence.
3. Sifat yasovchi suffikslar: -ive, -al, -ic, -ical, -ous.
4. Murakkab prefikslar: mis-, over-, under-, out-, counter-.
5. So‘z oilalari va urg‘u o‘zgarishi.
6. Word formation topshiriqlarini bajarish strategiyasi.

Fe’l yasovchi suffikslar

• The government plans to modernise the railways.Hukumat temir yo‘llarni modernizatsiya qilishni rejalashtirmoqda.
• Can you simplify this explanation?Bu tushuntirishni soddalashtira olasizmi?
• They want to widen the road.Ular yo‘lni kengaytirmoqchi.
• Good teachers know how to motivate students.Yaxshi o‘qituvchilar talabalarni qanday rag‘batlantirishni bilishadi.
• How can you justify such a high price?Bunday yuqori narxni qanday oqlaysiz?

-ise yoki -ize? Britaniya inglizchasida ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri (organise / organize), Amerika inglizchasida faqat -ize. Bitta matnda izchil bo‘ling.

Ot yasovchi suffikslar

• Tourism is very important for Uzbekistan’s economy.Turizm O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyoti uchun juda muhim.
• Creativity is an essential skill in the modern world.Ijodkorlik zamonaviy dunyoda zarur ko‘nikma.
• She showed strong leadership during the crisis.U inqiroz paytida kuchli yetakchilik ko‘rsatdi.
• I spent my childhood in Fergana.Bolaligimni Farg‘onada o‘tkazdim.
• Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991.O‘zbekiston 1991-yilda mustaqillikka erishdi.
• The campaign aims to raise awareness of the problem.Kampaniya muammo haqida xabardorlikni oshirishni maqsad qiladi.

Odamni bildiruvchi otlar

employer (ish beruvchi) va employee (xodim) — qarama-qarshi!

Sifat yasovchi suffikslar

• She’s a very creative designer.U juda ijodkor dizayner.
• Climate change is a global environmental problem.Iqlim o‘zgarishi global ekologik muammo.
• The country faces economic difficulties.Mamlakat iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklarga duch kelmoqda.
• We need sustainable sources of energy.Bizga barqaror energiya manbalari kerak.
• The building is accessible to wheelchair users.Bino nogironlar aravachasidagilar uchun qulay.

-ic va -ical — ma’no farqi

Ba’zi juftliklarda ma’no farq qiladi:

• This car is very economical — it uses little petrol.Bu mashina juda tejamkor — kam benzin sarflaydi.
• The economic situation is improving.Iqtisodiy vaziyat yaxshilanmoqda.
• It was a historic moment for the country.Bu mamlakat uchun tarixiy lahza edi.
• She studies historical documents.U tarixiy hujjatlarni o‘rganadi.

Murakkab prefikslar

• I think you misunderstood me.Menimcha, meni noto‘g‘ri tushundingiz.
• Don’t underestimate the problem.Muammoni yengil baholamang.
• The city centre is overcrowded.Shahar markazi haddan tashqari gavjum.
• Women now outnumber men at university.Hozir universitetda ayollar erkaklardan ko‘p.
• Punishing children can be counterproductive.Bolalarni jazolash teskari natija berishi mumkin.
• Tashkent is a multicultural city.Toshkent — ko‘p madaniyatli shahar.

So‘z oilalari va urg‘u

C1 darajasida bitta so‘zning butun oilasini bilish kerak. Diqqat — urg‘u ko‘pincha o‘zgaradi!

• PHOtograph → phoTOGraphy → phoTOGrapher → photoGRAPHicUrg‘u har safar o‘zgaradi.
• eCONomy → ecoNOMicUrg‘u o‘zgaradi.

Imlo o‘zgarishlari

• simple → simplify, simplicitye tushadi
• reliable ← relyy → i
• explain → explanationai → a
• pronounce → pronunciationou → u (pronounciation — xato!)
• maintain → maintenanceai → e

Bosqichma-bosqich

Imtihonda bo‘sh joyga so‘zning to‘g‘ri shaklini qo‘yish uchun:

1. Bo‘sh joydan oldin va keyin nima borligiga qarang.
2. So‘z turkumini aniqlang:
   • the / a / my dan keyin → ot;
   • be, become, seem dan keyin → sifat;
   • fe’ldan keyin yoki sifatdan oldin → ravish;
   • to / modal / ega dan keyin → fe’l.
3. Ma’noni tekshiring: ijobiymi yoki salbiy? Salbiy bo‘lsa — prefiks (un-, dis-, mis-, under-).
4. Ko‘plik kerakmi? Ot bo‘lsa — -s ni tekshiring.
5. Imloni tekshiring.

Misol: “The government’s ___ to act surprised everyone. (FAIL)”

1. The government’s + ___ → ot.
2. fail → failure.

Misol: “Prices have risen ___ in recent years. (DRAMA)”

1. Fe’ldan keyin → ravish.
2. drama → dramatic → dramatically.

Misol: “Many people ___ the difficulty of the exam. (ESTIMATE, salbiy)”

1. Ega + ___ + to‘ldiruvchi → fe’l.
2. Kontekst: imtihonni yengil deb o‘ylashgan → underestimate.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: fe’l: -ise, -ify, -en, -ate; ot: -ity, -ism, -ship, -hood, -ance / -ence; sifat: -ive, -al, -ic / -ical, -ous, -able; prefiks: mis-, over-, under-, out-, counter-. economic ≠ economical, historic ≠ historical, employer ≠ employee.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

IELTS inshosidan parcha

• Globalisation has had a significant impact on developing countries.Globallashuv rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.
• On the one hand, it has increased economic growth and created employment opportunities.Bir tomondan, u iqtisodiy o‘sishni oshirdi va ish o‘rinlarini yaratdi.
• On the other hand, critics argue that it has led to cultural homogenisation.Boshqa tomondan, tanqidchilar u madaniy bir xillashuvga olib kelgan, deb ta’kidlashadi.
• It would be a mistake to underestimate these challenges.Bu qiyinchiliklarni yengil baholash xato bo‘lardi.

Ishxonada

• — Our team needs better leadership.— Jamoamizga yaxshiroq yetakchilik kerak.
• — I agree. Many employees feel underpaid and overworked.— Roziman. Ko‘plab xodimlar o‘zlarini kam maosh oladigan va haddan ortiq ishlaydigan deb hisoblashadi.
• — We should prioritise their satisfaction.— Ularning mamnunligini ustuvor qilishimiz kerak.
• — And simplify the procedures — they’re unnecessarily complicated.— Jarayonlarni ham soddalashtirishimiz kerak — ular keraksiz darajada murakkab.

Kichik matn: “Zamonaviy Toshkent”

In the past two decades, Tashkent has undergone a dramatic transformation. The government has invested heavily in the modernisation of transport, and the city’s infrastructure has improved significantly. Tourism has become an important source of income, attracting international visitors to its historic monuments. However, rapid development has also created problems: some areas are overcrowded, and the environmental impact of new construction is often underestimated. Experts emphasise the importance of sustainable planning to ensure that the city remains liveable for future generations.

Matndagi barcha yasalgan so‘zlarni toping va ularning ildizi, prefiksi va suffiksini ajrating.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. modern → fe’l → modernise
2. creative → ot → creativity
3. leader → ot (holat) → leadership
4. economy → odam → economist
5. understand → noto‘g‘ri tushunmoq → misunderstand
6. estimate → kam baholamoq → underestimate
7. sustain → sifat → sustainable
8. drama → ravish → dramatically

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Fe’l yasovchi: -ise / -ize, -ify, -en, -ate.
• Ot yasovchi: -ity, -ism, -ship, -hood, -ance / -ence, -ation, -ment, -ness; odam: -ist, -ian, -ant, -ee, -er / -or.
• Sifat yasovchi: -ive, -al, -ic, -ical, -ous, -able / -ible, -ary.
• economic / economical, historic / historical, employer / employee — ma’no farqi.
• Prefikslar: mis-, over-, under-, out-, counter-, co-, inter-, multi-, non-, pre- / post-, anti-.
• So‘z oilasida urg‘u va imlo o‘zgarishi mumkin: PHOtograph → phoTOGraphy.
• Word formation: avval so‘z turkumini aniqlang, keyin ma’no va imloni tekshiring.