Formal Quantifiers

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Miqdorni aytish uchun oddiy so‘zlarni bilasiz: a lot of, many, much, some, a few. Rasmiy yozuvda — insho, hisobot, ilmiy maqola, IELTS Writing — esa rasmiyroq va aniqroq miqdor iboralari ishlatiladi:

• a great deal of + sanalmaydigan: a great deal of money — juda ko‘p pul
• a large number of + sanaladigan: a large number of students — ko‘plab talabalar
• the majority of — ko‘pchilik; a minority of — ozchilik
• a host of / a wide range of / a variety of — ko‘plab, xilma-xil
• a good many / a great many — juda ko‘p (sanaladigan)

Bu iboralarning eng muhim farqi — ular qaysi turdagi ot bilan ishlatilishi: sanaladigan (students, problems) yoki sanalmaydigan (money, information). Shuningdek, ulardan keyin fe’l birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi — bu ham muhim.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. a great deal of, a large amount of — sanalmaydigan otlar bilan.
2. a large number of, a great many, numerous — sanaladigan otlar bilan.
3. a number of va the number of — fe’l bilan moslashuv.
4. the majority of, a minority of — ko‘pchilik va ozchilik.
5. a host of, a wide range of, a variety of — xilma-xillik.
6. Kamlikni ifodalash: few, little, a handful of, a fraction of.

Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan

• The project requires a great deal of time and effort.Loyiha juda ko‘p vaqt va mehnat talab qiladi.
• A large amount of money was spent on the new stadium.Yangi stadionga katta miqdorda pul sarflandi.
• A significant amount of research has been done on this topic.Bu mavzu bo‘yicha sezilarli miqdorda tadqiqot o‘tkazilgan.
• The storm caused a considerable amount of damage.Bo‘ron ancha zarar yetkazdi.
• She has a good deal of experience in marketing.Uning marketing sohasida ancha tajribasi bor.

Diqqat: a great deal of people — xato! people sanaladi. To‘g‘risi: a great many people yoki a large number of people.

amount asosan sanalmaydigan otlar bilan. A large amount of students — rasmiy yozuvda xato hisoblanadi.

Sanaladigan otlar bilan

• A large number of students failed the exam.Ko‘plab talabalar imtihondan o‘ta olmadi.
• A great many people have written to complain.Juda ko‘p odamlar shikoyat yozishgan.
• There are a good many reasons to visit Samarkand.Samarqandga borish uchun ancha ko‘p sabablar bor.
• Numerous studies have shown the benefits of exercise.Ko‘plab tadqiqotlar jismoniy mashqning foydasini ko‘rsatgan.
• I’ve told him countless times.Unga son-sanoqsiz marta aytganman.
• A growing number of young people are moving to cities.Tobora ko‘proq yoshlar shaharlarga ko‘chmoqda.

Diqqat: a great many va a good many dan keyin of qo‘yilmaydi: a great many of people — xato (faqat a great many of the people — “odamlarning ko‘pchiligi” ma’nosida).

a number of va the number of

Bu ikki ibora juda o‘xshash, lekin fe’l bilan moslashuvi teskari:

• A number of problems have been reported.Bir qancha muammolar haqida xabar berildi.
• The number of cars on the roads has doubled.Yo‘llardagi mashinalar soni ikki baravar oshdi.
• A number of people were injured.Bir qancha odamlar jarohat oldi.
• The number of tourists is expected to rise.Sayyohlar soni oshishi kutilmoqda.

Qoida: a number of — asosiy ot ko‘plikdagi narsalar (fe’l ko‘plik); the number of — asosiy ot son (fe’l birlik).

Xuddi shunday: The amount of waste is growing. (birlik)

the majority of, a minority of

the majority of — “...ning ko‘pchiligi”; a minority of — “...ning ozchiligi”. Fe’l keyingi otga moslashadi:

• The majority of students are from Tashkent.Talabalarning ko‘pchiligi Toshkentdan.
• The majority of the population lives in cities.Aholining ko‘pchiligi shaharlarda yashaydi. (population — birlik)
• Only a minority of people support the plan.Rejani faqat ozchilik odamlar qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi.
• The vast majority of customers were satisfied.Mijozlarning mutlaq ko‘pchiligi mamnun edi.

the vast / overwhelming majority — “mutlaq ko‘pchilik”: rasmiy hisobotlarda juda foydali.

Boshqa ulush iboralari: most of the, half of the, a third of, a quarter of, the bulk of, a proportion of.

• The bulk of the work was done by volunteers.Ishning asosiy qismini ko‘ngillilar bajardi.
• A high proportion of graduates find jobs within a year.Bitiruvchilarning katta qismi bir yil ichida ish topadi.

a host of, a wide range of, a variety of

Bu iboralar ko‘plik bilan birga xilma-xillikni ham bildiradi:

• The shop offers a wide range of products.Do‘kon keng assortimentdagi mahsulotlarni taklif qiladi.
• People choose this job for a variety of reasons.Odamlar bu ishni turli xil sabablarga ko‘ra tanlashadi.
• The new system has caused a host of problems.Yangi tizim ko‘plab muammolarni keltirib chiqardi.
• She brings a wealth of experience to the team.U jamoaga boy tajriba olib keladi.
• There has been a series of accidents on this road.Bu yo‘lda bir qator avariyalar bo‘lgan.

Kamlikni ifodalash

• Very few people know the truth.Haqiqatni juda kam odam biladi.
• There is little evidence to support this claim.Bu da’voni qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi dalil juda kam.
• Only a handful of students attended the lecture.Ma’ruzaga faqat sanoqli talabalar keldi.
• It costs a fraction of the price.Bu narxning ozgina qismiga teng.

few / little (salbiy: deyarli yo‘q) va a few / a little (ijobiy: biroz bor) farqini unutmang.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ot sanaladimi? Ha → a large number of, a great many, numerous; yo‘q → a great deal of, a large amount of.
2. a number of yoki the number of? “Ko‘plab” → a (fe’l ko‘plik); “soni” → the (fe’l birlik).
3. Ulush kerakmi? → the majority / minority / bulk / a proportion of.
4. Xilma-xillik? → a wide range / a variety of.
5. Uslub rasmiymi? → a lot of o‘rniga yuqoridagi iboralarni ishlating.

Misol: “Bu loyihaga juda ko‘p pul sarflandi.” (rasmiy)

1. pul — sanalmaydi → a great deal of / a large amount of.

Misol: “Ishsizlar soni kamaymoqda.”

1. “soni” → the number of, fe’l birlikda.

Misol: “Respondentlarning mutlaq ko‘pchiligi rozi bo‘ldi.”

1. Ulush → the vast majority of.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: sanalmaydigan — a great deal of / a large amount of; sanaladigan — a large number of / a great many / numerous; a number of + ko‘plik fe’l, the number of + birlik fe’l.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Hisobot taqdimoti

• — Could you summarise the survey results?— So‘rovnoma natijalarini qisqacha aytib bera olasizmi?
• — Certainly. The vast majority of customers were satisfied with our service.— Albatta. Mijozlarning mutlaq ko‘pchiligi xizmatimizdan mamnun.
• — And the complaints?— Shikoyatlar-chi?
• — A small number of people mentioned delivery problems.— Oz sonli odamlar yetkazib berishdagi muammolarni tilga olishdi.
• — How much did the survey cost?— So‘rovnoma qancha turdi?
• — Only a fraction of our budget, but it took a great deal of time.— Byudjetimizning ozgina qismi, lekin juda ko‘p vaqt oldi.

IELTS inshosidan parcha

• In recent years, a growing number of people have started working from home.So‘nggi yillarda tobora ko‘proq odamlar uydan ishlay boshladi.
• The number of remote workers has tripled since 2019.Masofadan ishlovchilar soni 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi.
• This trend has a wide range of advantages, but it also creates a host of challenges.Bu tendensiyaning keng doiradagi afzalliklari bor, lekin u ko‘plab qiyinchiliklarni ham keltirib chiqaradi.

Kichik matn: “Shahar statistikasi”

Tashkent has changed dramatically in the last decade. The number of residents has grown to over three million, and a large number of new buildings have appeared. A great deal of money has been invested in public transport, and a wide range of services are now available online. The majority of young people use the metro every day. However, a significant amount of pollution is still caused by cars. Numerous studies suggest that the city needs more green spaces. Only a handful of new parks have opened so far, but a growing number of citizens are asking for more.

Matndagi barcha miqdor iboralarini toping. Qaysilari sanaladigan, qaysilari sanalmaydigan otlar bilan kelgan? The number of dan keyingi fe’lga e’tibor bering.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Loyiha juda ko‘p vaqt talab qiladi. → The project requires a great deal of time.
2. Ko‘plab talabalar imtihondan o‘tolmadi. → A large number of students failed the exam.
3. Mashinalar soni oshmoqda. → The number of cars is increasing.
4. Bir qancha muammolar yuzaga keldi. → A number of problems have arisen.
5. Aholining ko‘pchiligi shaharlarda yashaydi. → The majority of the population lives in cities.
6. Do‘konda keng assortimentdagi mahsulotlar bor. → The shop has a wide range of products.
7. Bu da’voni tasdiqlovchi dalil juda kam. → There is little evidence for this claim.
8. Ko‘plab tadqiqotlar buni ko‘rsatgan. → Numerous studies have shown this.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Sanalmaydigan: a great / good deal of, a large / significant / considerable amount of.
• Sanaladigan: a large number of, a great / good many (of siz), numerous, countless, a growing number of.
• a number of + ko‘plik ot → ko‘plik fe’l; the number of → birlik fe’l.
• Ulush: the (vast) majority of, a minority of, the bulk of, a proportion of — fe’l keyingi otga moslashadi.
• Xilma-xillik: a wide range of, a variety of, a host of, a wealth of, a series of.
• Kamlik: few / little, a handful of, a fraction of, a small number / amount of.