Advanced Reporting Verbs

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Boshqa birovning fikrini keltirganda oddiy say va tell dan tashqari ancha aniqroq fe’llar bor. Ular faqat nima aytilganini emas, balki qanday aytilganini — muallifning munosabatini ham ko‘rsatadi:

Smith says that the method works. — Smit metod ishlaydi, deydi. (neytral) Smith claims that the method works. — Smit metod ishlaydi, deb da’vo qiladi. (biz bunga shubha qilishimiz mumkin) Smith demonstrates that the method works. — Smit metod ishlashini isbotlaydi. (biz rozimiz)

Bu iqtibos fe’llari (reporting verbs) akademik yozuv, ilmiy maqolalar, IELTS va universitet inshosida juda muhim. To‘g‘ri fe’lni tanlash sizning tanqidiy fikrlashingizni ko‘rsatadi.

O‘zbek tilida ham shunday fe’llar bor: ta’kidlaydi, da’vo qiladi, tan oladi, rad etadi, isbotlaydi, ishora qiladi. Ingliz tilida esa har bir fe’lning o‘z grammatik tuzilmasi bor (that, -ing, to, ot) — buni ham bilish kerak.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Neytral fe’llar: state, note, observe, report.
2. Kuchli fe’llar: argue, maintain, insist, assert.
3. Shubhali fe’llar: claim, allege, purport.
4. Tan olish va rad etish: acknowledge, concede, deny, dismiss.
5. Ishora va taklif: suggest, imply, indicate, propose.
6. Isbot va qo‘llab-quvvatlash: demonstrate, prove, confirm, support.

Neytral fe’llar

Bu fe’llar muallifning munosabatini ko‘rsatmaydi — faqat faktni yetkazadi:

• The report states that unemployment has fallen.Hisobotda ishsizlik kamaygani bayon qilinadi.
• Jones notes that the sample was small.Jons namuna kichik bo‘lganini qayd etadi.
• Researchers observed that children learn faster through play.Tadqiqotchilar bolalar o‘yin orqali tezroq o‘rganishini kuzatishdi.
• The author describes the city as “a living museum”.Muallif shaharni “tirik muzey” deb tasvirlaydi.

Kuchli fe’llar

Bu fe’llar muallif o‘z fikrini ishonch bilan, qat’iy bildirganini ko‘rsatadi:

• Smith argues that education is the key to economic growth.Smit ta’lim iqtisodiy o‘sishning kaliti ekanini ta’kidlaydi.
• The minister maintains that the policy is working.Vazir siyosat ish berayotganini qat’iy ta’kidlab kelmoqda.
• She insisted that she was innocent.U aybsiz ekanini qat’iy ta’kidladi.
• The author emphasises the importance of early education.Muallif erta ta’limning muhimligiga urg‘u beradi.
• Critics point out that the costs are too high.Tanqidchilar xarajatlar juda yuqori ekanini ko‘rsatib o‘tishadi.

argue akademik yozuvda eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan iqtibos fe’llaridan biri.

Shubhali fe’llar

Bu fe’llar muallif aytilgan gapga to‘liq ishonmasligini yoki uni isbotlanmagan deb hisoblashini ko‘rsatadi:

• The company claims that its product is safe.Kompaniya mahsuloti xavfsiz ekanini da’vo qiladi. (biz ishonmasligimiz mumkin)
• He claims to have met the president.U prezident bilan uchrashganini da’vo qiladi.
• Police allege that he stole the money.Politsiya uni pulni o‘g‘irlaganlikda ayblamoqda. (hali isbotlanmagan)
• The book purports to be a true story.Kitob o‘zini haqiqiy voqea deb ko‘rsatadi.

alleged — sifat sifatida ham: the alleged thief — “gumon qilinayotgan o‘g‘ri”.

Tan olish va rad etish

• The author acknowledges that the study has limitations.Muallif tadqiqotning cheklovlari borligini tan oladi.
• He admitted making a mistake.U xato qilganini tan oldi.
• Critics concede that the plan has some benefits.Tanqidchilar rejaning ba’zi afzalliklari borligini (istamasdan) tan olishadi.
• The minister denied knowing anything about it.Vazir bu haqda hech narsa bilmasligini inkor qildi.
• Scientists dismissed the theory as unrealistic.Olimlar nazariyani real emas deb rad etishdi.
• New research challenges the traditional view.Yangi tadqiqot an’anaviy qarashni shubha ostiga oladi.

concede va acknowledge — inshoda juda foydali: qarshi fikrni tan olib, o‘z fikringizni kuchaytirasiz: Although critics concede that..., they argue that...

Ishora va taklif

• The results suggest that diet affects mood.Natijalar ovqatlanish kayfiyatga ta’sir qilishiga ishora qiladi.
• Her tone implied that she was not happy.Uning ohangi mamnun emasligini bilvosita anglatardi.
• The data indicate a clear trend.Ma’lumotlar aniq tendensiyani ko‘rsatadi.
• The committee proposed introducing a new tax.Qo‘mita yangi soliq joriy etishni taklif qildi.
• The author hints at a possible solution.Muallif mumkin bo‘lgan yechimga ishora qiladi.

suggest ikki ma’noga ega: taklif (I suggest that we leave) va ishora (The data suggest that...). imply — muallif to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri aytmaydi, lekin nazarda tutadi.

Isbot va qo‘llab-quvvatlash

Bu fe’llar muallif fikrni asosli va to‘g‘ri deb hisoblashini ko‘rsatadi:

• The experiment demonstrates that plants respond to music.Tajriba o‘simliklar musiqaga javob berishini ko‘rsatadi.
• The study confirms earlier findings.Tadqiqot oldingi natijalarni tasdiqlaydi.
• The research revealed that many students suffer from stress.Tadqiqot ko‘plab talabalar stressdan aziyat chekishini oshkor qildi.
• This evidence supports the theory.Bu dalil nazariyani qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi.

Grammatik tuzilmalar — umumiy jadval

Diqqat: suggest dan keyin to + fe’l ishlatilmaydi: He suggested to go — xato. To‘g‘risi: He suggested going / that we go.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Muallifning munosabati qanday?
   • Neytral → state, note, report.
   • Kuchli fikr → argue, maintain, emphasise.
   • Shubha → claim, allege.
   • Tan olish → acknowledge, concede, admit.
   • Rad etish → deny, dismiss, reject.
   • Ishora → suggest, imply, indicate.
   • Isbot → demonstrate, prove, confirm.
2. Grammatik tuzilmani tekshiring: that / -ing / to / as.

Misol: “Muallif ta’lim muhim ekanini ta’kidlaydi.”

1. Kuchli fikr → argue.

Misol: “U pulni olganini inkor qildi.”

1. Rad etish + -ing → deny + -ing.

Misol: “Olimlar bu fikrni ahmoqona deb rad etishdi.”

1. Rad etish + as → dismiss ... as.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: argue / claim / suggest / acknowledge / concede / imply + that; deny / admit / suggest + -ing; claim / purport + to; dismiss / describe + as; insist on + -ing.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Akademik insho

• Many experts argue that social media has a negative effect on teenagers.Ko‘plab mutaxassislar ijtimoiy tarmoqlar o‘smirlarga salbiy ta’sir qiladi, deb ta’kidlashadi.
• Twenge (2017), for example, claims that smartphone use is linked to depression.Masalan, Tvenj (2017) smartfondan foydalanish depressiya bilan bog‘liq, deb da’vo qiladi.
• However, other researchers question this conclusion.Biroq boshqa tadqiqotchilar bu xulosani shubha ostiga olishadi.
• They point out that correlation does not prove causation.Ular o‘zaro bog‘liqlik sabab-oqibatni isbotlamasligini ko‘rsatib o‘tishadi.
• Even critics acknowledge, though, that heavy use can cause sleep problems.Biroq hatto tanqidchilar ham haddan ortiq foydalanish uyqu muammolariga olib kelishi mumkinligini tan olishadi.

Yangilik

• The company has denied all accusations.Kompaniya barcha ayblovlarni inkor qildi.
• Workers allege that they were not paid for months.Ishchilar oylab maosh olmaganliklarini da’vo qilishmoqda.
• The director insisted that the company had done nothing wrong.Direktor kompaniya hech qanday noto‘g‘ri ish qilmaganini qat’iy ta’kidladi.
• An independent report confirmed the workers’ claims.Mustaqil hisobot ishchilarning da’volarini tasdiqladi.

Kichik matn: “Ikki olimning bahsi”

In his 2020 book, Professor Karimov argues that learning a second language improves memory. He claims that bilingual children perform better in all school subjects. Professor Smith, however, challenges this view. She acknowledges that language learning has benefits, but she maintains that the effect on other subjects is small. She also points out that Karimov’s study included only 50 children. Karimov dismissed her criticism as “unfair”, but he later conceded that more research was needed. A recent study by Lee suggests that both professors may be partly right.

Matndagi iqtibos fe’llarini toping. Har biri muallifning qanday munosabatini ko‘rsatadi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Muallif ta’lim bepul bo‘lishi kerak, deb ta’kidlaydi. → The author argues that education should be free.
2. Kompaniya mahsuloti xavfsiz deb da’vo qiladi. → The company claims that its product is safe.
3. U xato qilganini tan oldi. → He admitted making a mistake.
4. U pulni olganini inkor qildi. → She denied taking the money.
5. Olimlar nazariyani real emas deb rad etishdi. → Scientists dismissed the theory as unrealistic.
6. Natijalar ovqatlanish muhimligiga ishora qiladi. → The results suggest that diet is important.
7. Tajriba nazariyani tasdiqlaydi. → The experiment confirms the theory.
8. U uyga borishni taklif qildi. → He suggested going home.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Iqtibos fe’li muallifning munosabatini ko‘rsatadi.
• Neytral: state, note, observe, report.
• Kuchli: argue, maintain, insist, assert, emphasise, point out.
• Shubhali: claim, allege, purport, contend.
• Tan olish / rad etish: acknowledge, admit, concede / deny, dismiss, reject, challenge.
• Ishora: suggest, imply, indicate, propose; isbot: demonstrate, prove, confirm, reveal.
• Tuzilmalar: + that, + -ing (deny, admit, suggest), + to (claim), + as (dismiss, describe), insist on + -ing.