Compound Adjectives
Qo‘shma sifatlar
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Qo‘shma sifat — ikki yoki undan ortiq so‘zdan tuzilgan, bitta sifat kabi ishlaydigan birikma. Odatda so‘zlar chiziqcha (-) bilan bog‘lanadi:
a ten-minute walk — o‘n daqiqalik piyoda yo‘l a well-known writer — taniqli yozuvchi a blue-eyed girl — ko‘k ko‘zli qiz
O‘zbekchada ham shunga o‘xshash so‘zlar bor: ko‘k ko‘zli, o‘n daqiqalik, besh qavatli, qo‘li ochiq. Ingliz tilida qo‘shma sifatlar juda ko‘p ishlatiladi, chunki ular uzun tasvirni qisqa va ixcham qilib beradi:
a walk that takes ten minutes → a ten-minute walk a man who has a kind heart → a kind-hearted man
Eng muhim qoida: raqam bilan tuzilgan qo‘shma sifatda ot birlikda qoladi: a ten-minute walk (ten-minutes — xato). Chunki bu so‘z endi sifat, sifat esa ko‘plik shaklini olmaydi.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- raqam + ot: a ten-minute walk, a five-year-old boy.
- well / badly + V3: well-known, well-paid.
- sifat + ot + -ed: blue-eyed, left-handed.
- -ing bilan: good-looking, English-speaking.
- ot + sifat: world-famous, sugar-free.
- Chiziqcha qachon qo‘yiladi va eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.
raqam + ot
Vaqt, masofa, yosh, o‘lchov haqida gapirganda raqam va ot birlashib sifatga aylanadi. Ot birlikda qoladi.
| Uzun shakl | Qo‘shma sifat |
|---|---|
| a walk of ten minutes | a ten-minute walk |
| a holiday of two weeks | a two-week holiday |
| a building with five floors | a five-storey building |
| a note of fifty dollars | a fifty-dollar note |
| a hotel with five stars | a five-star hotel |
| a flight of three hours | a three-hour flight |
- It’s a ten-minute walk to the station.Vokzalgacha o‘n daqiqalik piyoda yo‘l.
- We had a two-week holiday in Turkey.Turkiyada ikki haftalik ta’til o‘tkazdik.
- She lives in a nine-storey building.U to‘qqiz qavatli binoda yashaydi.
- He wrote a 500-word essay.U 500 so‘zlik insho yozdi.
- I need a three-day visa.Menga uch kunlik viza kerak.
Yosh haqida
Yosh haqida ikki xil aytish mumkin. Ularning farqiga e’tibor bering:
- My son is five years old.O‘g‘lim besh yoshda. (oddiy gap — years ko‘plikda)
- I have a five-year-old son.Mening besh yoshli o‘g‘lim bor. (qo‘shma sifat — year birlikda)
Bundan ot ham yasaladi: a five-year-old — besh yoshli bola: The five-year-olds are in the playground.
well / badly + V3
well, badly va boshqa ravishlar fe’lning 3-shakli (V3) bilan birikadi. Bu sifatlar odamlar va narsalarni tasvirlashda juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.
| Qo‘shma sifat | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| well-known | taniqli, mashhur |
| well-paid | yaxshi maoshli |
| well-dressed | yaxshi kiyingan |
| well-educated | yaxshi ta’lim olgan |
| well-behaved | odobli |
| badly-paid | kam maoshli |
| badly-written | yomon yozilgan |
| home-made | uyda tayyorlangan |
| hand-made | qo‘lda yasalgan |
| newly-built | yangi qurilgan |
- He’s a well-known journalist.U taniqli jurnalist.
- Doctors in this country are well-paid.Bu davlatda shifokorlar yaxshi maosh oladi.
- Your children are very well-behaved.Bolalaringiz juda odobli.
- I love my grandmother’s home-made bread.Buvimning uyda yopgan nonini yaxshi ko‘raman.
- They sell hand-made carpets.Ular qo‘lda to‘qilgan gilamlar sotishadi.
sifat + ot + -ed
Odamning tashqi ko‘rinishi yoki xarakteri haqida gapirganda sifat + ot + -ed tuzilmasi ishlatiladi. Bu juda foydali, chunki u “...li” degan o‘zbekcha qo‘shimchaga mos keladi.
| Qo‘shma sifat | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| blue-eyed | ko‘k ko‘zli |
| dark-haired / fair-haired | qora sochli / sariq sochli |
| long-legged | uzun oyoqli |
| left-handed | chapaqay |
| broad-shouldered | keng yelkali |
| kind-hearted | mehribon, ko‘ngli yumshoq |
| absent-minded | parishonxotir |
| open-minded | keng fikrli |
| bad-tempered | jahldor |
| narrow-minded | tor fikrli |
- She’s a tall, dark-haired woman.U baland bo‘yli, qora sochli ayol.
- My brother is left-handed.Akam chapaqay.
- Grandma is very kind-hearted.Buvim juda mehribon.
- My teacher is a bit absent-minded — he always forgets his keys.O‘qituvchim biroz parishonxotir — doim kalitini unutadi.
- You need to be open-minded when you travel.Sayohat qilganda keng fikrli bo‘lish kerak.
-ing bilan qo‘shma sifatlar
sifat / ravish / ot + -ing shakli ham ko‘p uchraydi:
| Qo‘shma sifat | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| good-looking | chiroyli, kelishgan |
| English-speaking | ingliz tilida so‘zlashuvchi |
| hard-working | mehnatkash |
| long-lasting | uzoq davom etadigan |
| time-consuming | ko‘p vaqt oladigan |
| never-ending | tugamaydigan |
| record-breaking | rekord yangilagan |
| mouth-watering | so‘lak oqizadigan, ishtahani qo‘zg‘atadigan |
- He’s a very hard-working student.U juda mehnatkash talaba.
- Canada is an English-speaking country.Kanada — ingliz tilida so‘zlashuvchi davlat.
- Learning a language is time-consuming.Til o‘rganish ko‘p vaqt oladi.
- What a good-looking man!Qanday kelishgan yigit!
ot + sifat
Ot sifatni aniqlashtiradi:
| Qo‘shma sifat | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| world-famous | dunyoga mashhur |
| sugar-free | shakarsiz |
| duty-free | bojsiz |
| user-friendly | foydalanishga qulay |
| eco-friendly | ekologik toza |
| ice-cold | muzdek |
| brand-new | yap-yangi |
| air-conditioned | konditsionerli |
- The Registan is world-famous.Registon dunyoga mashhur.
- I only drink sugar-free cola.Faqat shakarsiz kola ichaman.
- This app is very user-friendly.Bu ilova foydalanishga juda qulay.
- He bought a brand-new car.U yap-yangi mashina sotib oldi.
Chiziqcha qachon qo‘yiladi?
Qo‘shma sifat otdan oldin kelganda chiziqcha deyarli doim qo‘yiladi. Lekin otdan keyin (to be dan keyin) kelganda, ayniqsa well + V3 turida, chiziqcha ko‘pincha tushiriladi:
- He’s a well-known actor.U taniqli aktyor. (otdan oldin — chiziqcha)
- The actor is well known.Aktyor taniqli. (otdan keyin — ko‘pincha chiziqchasiz)
- It’s a ten-minute walk.O‘n daqiqalik yo‘l.
- The walk takes ten minutes.Yo‘l o‘n daqiqa davom etadi. (bu yerda sifat emas — oddiy ot)
Bosqichma-bosqich
- Raqam + o‘lchovmi? (daqiqa, yosh, yulduz) → raqam + birlikdagi ot: a two-hour film.
- Tashqi ko‘rinish yoki xarakterni “...li” bilan aytyapsizmi? → sifat + ot + -ed: blue-eyed.
- Qanday qilingan? → well / badly / home + V3: well-paid, home-made.
- Otdan oldinmi? → chiziqcha qo‘ying.
Misol: “Men uch soatlik imtihon topshirdim.”
- Raqam + soat → three-hour (birlik).
Misol: “U qora ko‘zli, uzun sochli qiz.”
- Tashqi ko‘rinish → sifat + ot + -ed.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ It’s a ten-minutes walk.
✓ It’s a ten-minute walk.
Qo‘shma sifatda ot birlikda.
✗ I have a five-years-old son.
✓ I have a five-year-old son.
Chiziqcha bilan year birlikda.
✗ My son is five-year-old.
✓ My son is five years old.
Oddiy gapda years ko‘plikda, chiziqchasiz.
✗ She’s a blue eyes girl.
✓ She’s a blue-eyed girl.
sifat + ot + -ed.
✗ He is a very known writer.
✓ He is a very well-known writer.
known emas, well-known.
✗ It was a two hours film.
✓ It was a two-hour film.
Chiziqcha va birlik.
✗ They live in a five-floors house.
✓ They live in a five-storey house.
Raqam + birlik ot.
✗ He’s a hard-worked student.
✓ He’s a hard-working student.
hard-working.
✗ I bought a new-brand phone.
✓ I bought a brand-new phone.
brand-new.
✗ She is a long-hair woman.
✓ She is a long-haired woman.
-ed qo‘shimchasi kerak.
Eslab qoling: a ten-minute walk (minute birlikda); a five-year-old boy (lekin He is five years old); tashqi ko‘rinish — blue-eyed, dark-haired.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Mehmonxonani band qilish
- — I’d like to book a room in a four-star hotel near the centre.— Markazga yaqin to‘rt yulduzli mehmonxonadan xona band qilmoqchiman.
- — We have a lovely air-conditioned room with a sea view.— Dengiz manzarali, konditsionerli ajoyib xonamiz bor.
- — How far is it from the beach?— Sohildan qancha uzoqda?
- — It’s just a five-minute walk.— Atigi besh daqiqalik piyoda yo‘l.
- — Perfect. I need it for a ten-day stay.— Juda yaxshi. Menga o‘n kunlik turish uchun kerak.
Odamni tasvirlash
- — What does your new boss look like?— Yangi boshlig‘ing qanday ko‘rinishda?
- — He’s a tall, broad-shouldered, grey-haired man.— U baland bo‘yli, keng yelkali, sochlari oqargan odam.
- — Is he nice?— Yaxshi odammi?
- — Yes, he’s very open-minded and hard-working, but a bit absent-minded.— Ha, juda keng fikrli va mehnatkash, lekin biroz parishonxotir.
Kichik matn: “Mening oilam”
Let me tell you about my family. My father is a well-known surgeon at a big hospital — it’s a well-paid job, but it’s very time-consuming. My mother is a kind-hearted, hard-working woman who teaches at an English-speaking school. I have a ten-year-old sister. She’s blue-eyed and fair-haired, and she’s left-handed like our grandfather. We live in a nine-storey building, and it’s a fifteen-minute drive to the city centre. Every Sunday my mother makes home-made bread — it’s absolutely mouth-watering!
Matndagi barcha qo‘shma sifatlarni toping va ularni turlariga ajrating: raqam + ot, well + V3, sifat + ot + -ed, -ing bilan.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- Bu yerdan maktabgacha yigirma daqiqalik yo‘l. → It’s a twenty-minute walk from here to the school.
- Mening yetti yoshli qizim bor. → I have a seven-year-old daughter.
- U taniqli rassom. → He’s a well-known artist.
- Ko‘k ko‘zli bola → a blue-eyed boy
- Bu ish yaxshi maoshli. → This job is well-paid.
- Biz besh yulduzli mehmonxonada qoldik. → We stayed in a five-star hotel.
- U juda mehnatkash. → She’s very hard-working.
Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.
Qisqa xulosa
- Qo‘shma sifat — ikki yoki ko‘proq so‘zdan iborat, chiziqcha bilan bog‘langan sifat.
- raqam + birlikdagi ot: a ten-minute walk, a five-star hotel.
- Yosh: a five-year-old boy, lekin He is five years old.
- well / badly / home + V3: well-known, well-paid, home-made.
- sifat + ot + -ed: blue-eyed, left-handed, kind-hearted.
- -ing: good-looking, hard-working, time-consuming.
- ot + sifat: world-famous, sugar-free, brand-new.