-ed Spelling and Pronunciation

Oddiy qilib aytganda

To‘g‘ri fe’llar o‘tgan zamonda -ed oladi: work → worked. Ko‘pincha shunchaki -ed qo‘shiladi, lekin ba’zi fe’llarda imlo o‘zgaradi (stop → stopped, study → studied). Bundan tashqari -ed uch xil talaffuz qilinadi: /t/, /d/, /ɪd/.

• I worked late yesterday.Kecha kech ishladim.
• We lived in Andijan.Biz Andijonda yashaganmiz.
• She studied medicine.U tibbiyotni o‘qigan.
• The car stopped.Mashina to‘xtadi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Oddiy -ed qo‘shish.
2. -e bilan tugaydigan fe’llar.
3. -y bilan tugaydigan fe’llar: played yoki studied?
4. Undosh harfni ikkilash qoidasi.
5. -ed ning uch xil talaffuzi.

Imlo qoidalari

1. Oddiy: + ed

walk → walked, help → helped, watch → watched, clean → cleaned

2. -e bilan tugasa: + d

like → liked, dance → danced, close → closed, arrive → arrived, agree → agreed

3. -y bilan tugaydigan fe’llar

Istisno: pay → paid, say → said, lay → laid — bular noto‘g‘ri fe’llar.

4. Oxirgi undoshni ikkilash

-ing dagi qoida bilan bir xil: bitta bo‘g‘in + undosh-unli-undosh → ikkilanadi.

Ikkilanmaydi: rain → rained (ikki unli), work → worked (ikki undosh), fix → fixed, play → played, snow → snowed (w, x, y), visit → visited, open → opened (urg‘u boshida).

BrE da -l ikkilanadi: travel → travelled (AmE: traveled).

Talaffuz

-ed hech qachon “ed” deb aniq o‘qilmaydi (bitta holatdan tashqari):

Muhim: faqat /ɪd/ holatida qo‘shimcha bo‘g‘in paydo bo‘ladi: want (1) → want-ed (2). Looked esa bitta bo‘g‘in: “lukt” (lu-ked emas!).

-ed qo‘shimchasi: sifat sifatida

-ed shakli faqat o‘tgan zamon emas — u sifat ham bo‘lishi mumkin. Imlo qoidalari bir xil:

• I’m tired.Men charchadim.
• She’s interested in art.U san’atga qiziqadi.
• We were bored.Biz zerikdik.
• The shop is closed.Do‘kon yopiq.
• I’m worried about the exam.Imtihondan xavotirdaman. (worry → worried)
• He was surprised.U hayron bo‘ldi.

Bu sifatlar haqida batafsil — “-ed va -ing sifatlar” darsida.

Noto‘g‘ri fe’llar — -ed qo‘shilmaydi

Ko‘p ishlatiladigan fe’llarning ko‘pchiligi noto‘g‘ri — ular -ed olmaydi va yodlash kerak:

Bolalar ingliz tilini o‘rganayotganda ham goed, eated deb aytishadi — bu tabiiy xato, lekin uni tuzatish kerak. To‘liq ro‘yxat — “Noto‘g‘ri fe’llar” darsida.

Ikki xil imloli fe’llar

Ba’zi fe’llarning Britaniya va Amerika imlosi farq qiladi:

• I travelled to London. (BrE) / I traveled to London. (AmE)Londonga sayohat qildim.
• I learnt a lot. (BrE) / I learned a lot.Ko‘p narsa o‘rgandim.

Ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri — izchil bo‘ling.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Noto‘g‘ri fe’lmi? (go, see, pay) → jadvaldan qarang.
2. -e bilan tugaydimi? → +d.
3. undosh + y? → -ied. unli + y? → +ed.
4. Bitta bo‘g‘in, undosh-unli-undosh (w, x, y emas)? → ikkilang.
5. Qolgani → +ed.

Misol: “carry”

1. Oxiri: r + y (undosh + y) → ied.

Misol: “plan”

1. Bitta bo‘g‘in, p-l-a-n → undosh-unli-undosh → n ikkilanadi.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: -e → +d, undosh+y → -ied, qisqa fe’l → ikkilash. Talaffuz: faqat t/d dan keyin “id”.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Kechagi kunim

Yesterday I woke up late and missed the bus. I walked to work. It rained all morning! At lunch I tried a new café – I really enjoyed the soup. After work I shopped for food, cooked dinner and called my parents. Then I watched a film and relaxed. I planned to read a book, but I fell asleep!

Ta’tildan keyin

• — What did you do on holiday?— Ta’tilda nima qilding?
• — I travelled to Turkey with my family. We stayed in a nice hotel.— Oilam bilan Turkiyaga sayohat qildim. Yaxshi mehmonxonada turdik.
• — Did you like it?— Yoqdimi?
• — Yes! We visited Istanbul, tried lots of food and walked a lot.— Ha! Istanbulga bordik, ko‘p taomlarni tatib ko‘rdik va ko‘p yurdik.
• — Did anything bad happen?— Biror yomon narsa bo‘ldimi?
• — Our flight was delayed, and my brother dropped his phone in the sea!— Parvozimiz kechikdi, akam esa telefonini dengizga tushirib yubordi!

Kichik matn: “Ajoyib kun”

Last Saturday was a perfect day. I woke up early and opened the window. The sun shone and the birds sang. I cooked breakfast and called my best friend. We planned a picnic. We carried a big basket to the park and stopped by the lake. We played frisbee, chatted and laughed a lot. In the evening we watched a film. I enjoyed every minute and tried to remember it all.

Matndagi barcha o‘tgan zamon fe’llarini toping. Ularni to‘g‘ri (-ed) va noto‘g‘ri fe’llarga ajrating. To‘g‘ri fe’llarda qaysi imlo qoidasi ishlatilgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. try → tried
2. enjoy → enjoyed
3. drop → dropped
4. arrive → arrived
5. wanted qanday talaffuz qilinadi? → /ɪd/
6. washed qanday talaffuz qilinadi? → /t/
7. worry → o‘tgan zamon → worried
8. go → o‘tgan zamon → went (-ed emas)
9. travel (BrE) → travelled
10. think → o‘tgan zamon → thought

Qisqa xulosa

• Ko‘p fe’llar: +ed (worked, played).
• -e bilan: +d (liked, lived).
• undosh + y → -ied (studied); unli + y → +ed (stayed).
• Bitta bo‘g‘in, undosh-unli-undosh → ikkilanadi (stopped, planned).
• Talaffuz: /t/ (looked), /d/ (played), /ɪd/ (wanted) — faqat t/d dan keyin.