The Historic Present

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Odatda o‘tmishdagi voqealar o‘tgan zamonda aytiladi: Yesterday I went to the shop and saw my teacher. Lekin ingliz tilida (o‘zbek tilidagi kabi!) o‘tmishdagi voqeani hozirgi zamonda aytish ham mumkin — bu historic present (tarixiy hozirgi zamon) deyiladi:

So yesterday I go to the shop, and who do I see? My teacher! And she says to me... — Xo‘sh, kecha do‘konga boraman, kimni ko‘raman deysiz? O‘qituvchimni! U menga deydi...

Bu usul hikoyani jonli, dramatik va qiziqarli qiladi — tinglovchi go‘yo voqeani hozir ko‘rayotgandek bo‘ladi.

O‘zbek tilida biz ham shunday qilamiz: Kecha ko‘chada ketyapman, birdan bir odam to‘xtatadi... Shuning uchun bu tuzilma o‘zbek tilida so‘zlashuvchilar uchun tabiiy.

Historic present to‘rt joyda ko‘p uchraydi:

1. Og‘zaki hikoyalar va latifalar: So this man walks into a bar...
2. Gazeta sarlavhalari: PRESIDENT VISITS CHINA (aslida tashrif o‘tmishda bo‘lgan).
3. Kitob, film mazmuni: In the film, Harry discovers that he’s a wizard.
4. Tarixiy hikoya va sport sharhi: In 1492 Columbus sets sail...

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Og‘zaki hikoyalarda historic present.
2. Hikoyada zamonlarni almashtirish: present va past.
3. Gazeta sarlavhalarida hozirgi zamon.
4. Kitob, film va o‘yin mazmunini aytish.
5. Tarix va sport sharhlari.
6. says, tells, writes — ma’lumot manbasi haqida.

Og‘zaki hikoyalarda

Do‘stlarga kulgili yoki qiziqarli voqeani aytib berganda, ingliz tilida so‘zlashuvchilar ko‘pincha hozirgi zamonga o‘tishadi. Odatda hikoya o‘tgan zamonda boshlanadi, keyin eng qiziq joyda hozirgi zamonga o‘tadi:

• So yesterday I’m walking down the street, and this guy comes up to me and asks for directions.Xo‘sh, kecha ko‘chada ketyapman, bir yigit kelib, yo‘l so‘raydi.
• I tell him the way, and he says, “Thanks, but I live here — I just wanted to talk!”Men unga yo‘lni aytaman, u esa: “Rahmat, lekin men shu yerda yashayman — shunchaki gaplashgim keldi!” deydi.
• So I’m sitting in the exam, and suddenly my phone starts ringing!Xullas, imtihonda o‘tiribman, birdan telefonim jiringlay boshlaydi!

Hikoyalarda Present Continuous fon (sahna) uchun, Present Simple esa asosiy voqealar uchun ishlatiladi — xuddi Past Continuous va Past Simple kabi:

Latifalar

Ingliz tilida latifalar deyarli doim hozirgi zamonda aytiladi:

• A man walks into a restaurant and orders soup. The waiter brings it, and the man says, “There’s a fly in my soup!”Bir odam restoranga kirib, sho‘rva buyurtma qiladi. Ofitsiant olib keladi, odam esa: “Sho‘rvamda pashsha bor!” deydi.

says / goes / is like — so‘zlashuvda

Kimningdir gapini keltirganda so‘zlashuvda says o‘rniga goes yoki is like (juda norasmiy) ham ishlatiladi:

• And then he goes, “I don’t believe you!”Keyin u “Senga ishonmayman!” deydi.
• And she’s like, “What are you talking about?”U esa “Nima haqida gapiryapsan?” deydi.

Bu shakllar faqat norasmiy so‘zlashuvda — yozuvda ishlatmang.

Zamonlarni almashtirish

Hikoyada o‘tgan va hozirgi zamon o‘rtasida almashish mumkin, lekin buni maqsadli qilish kerak:

• O‘tgan zamon — fon, kirish, xulosa.
• Hozirgi zamon — dramatik, eng qiziq lahza.

• Last week I had the strangest day. I was at work, and everything seemed normal. Then my boss walks in, looks at me and says, “You’re fired!” I can’t believe it. Then he starts laughing — it’s my birthday surprise!O‘tgan hafta eng g‘alati kunni boshdan kechirdim. Ishda edim, hamma narsa odatdagidek edi. Keyin boshlig‘im kiradi, menga qaraydi va: “Sen ishdan bo‘shatilding!” deydi. Ishonolmayman. Keyin u kula boshlaydi — bu mening tug‘ilgan kunimga syurpriz ekan!

Diqqat: yozma matnda (insho, xat) zamonlarni tasodifiy almashtirish — xato. Bitta zamonni tanlab, unga izchil amal qiling.

Gazeta sarlavhalarida

Gazeta va yangilik sarlavhalarida o‘tgan voqealar ham Present Simple bilan beriladi — bu ularni yangi va dolzarb qiladi:

Sarlavhalarning boshqa xususiyatlari:

• MINISTER TO RESIGN= The minister is going to / is to resign. (kelajak — to + fe’l)
• TEN KILLED IN CRASH= Ten people were killed in a crash. (majhul — faqat V3)
• STUDENTS PROTEST OVER FEES= Students are protesting / protested about fees.

Sarlavhalarda artikl va to be ko‘pincha tushib qoladi.

Kitob, film va o‘yin mazmuni

Kitob, film, spektakl yoki o‘yinning mazmunini aytganda hozirgi zamon standart hisoblanadi:

• In Romeo and Juliet, two young people fall in love, but their families hate each other.“Romeo va Juletta”da ikki yosh sevib qoladi, lekin ularning oilalari bir-birini yomon ko‘radi.
• The film tells the story of a boy who discovers that he has magic powers.Film sehrli kuchga ega ekanini bilib qolgan bola haqida hikoya qiladi.
• In the novel, the main character travels to Samarkand, where she meets an old man.Romanda bosh qahramon Samarqandga sayohat qiladi va u yerda bir keksa odam bilan uchrashadi.
• At the end of the book, the hero returns home.Kitob oxirida qahramon uyiga qaytadi.

Bu qoida IELTS, adabiyot inshosi va kitob sharhlarida juda muhim.

Tarix va sport sharhlari

Tarixiy hikoyalar (hujjatli filmlar, ma’ruzalar) ba’zan hozirgi zamonda aytiladi:

• It’s 1492. Columbus sets sail from Spain with three ships.1492-yil. Kolumb uchta kema bilan Ispaniyadan suzib chiqadi.
• In 1945, the war ends, and the world begins to rebuild.1945-yilda urush tugaydi va dunyo qayta tiklana boshlaydi.

Sport sharhlarida — voqea hozir bo‘layotgan bo‘lsa ham, ko‘pincha Present Simple:

• Messi gets the ball, passes to Suárez, he shoots — and it’s a goal!Messi to‘pni oladi, Suaresga uzatadi, u zarba beradi — va gol!

says, tells, writes — ma’lumot manbasi

Kitob, maqola, hisobot yoki muallif nima deyishini aytganda hozirgi zamon ishlatiladi — chunki matn hamon mavjud:

• The report says that unemployment is falling.Hisobotda ishsizlik kamayayotgani aytilgan.
• Shakespeare writes about love and death.Shekspir sevgi va o‘lim haqida yozadi.
• The article argues that social media is harmful.Maqolada ijtimoiy tarmoqlar zararli ekani ta’kidlanadi.
• My mother tells me you’re getting married!Onam menga turmush qurayotganingni aytdi!
• I hear you’ve got a new job.Yangi ishga kiribsan, eshitdim.

Oxirgi ikki misol: tell va hear so‘zlashuvda yaqinda olingan ma’lumot uchun hozirgi zamonda ishlatiladi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Qanday matn?
   • Og‘zaki kulgili hikoya / latifa → historic present mumkin.
   • Sarlavha → Present Simple (o‘tgan voqea uchun ham).
   • Kitob / film mazmuni → Present Simple.
   • Rasmiy yozma hikoya → o‘tgan zamon, izchil.
2. Hikoyada: fon — Present Continuous, voqealar — Present Simple.
3. Manba haqida (report, author) → says / writes / argues.

Misol: Kitob mazmuni: “Bosh qahramon Londonga ko‘chib o‘tadi va u yerda yangi do‘st orttiradi.”

1. Kitob mazmuni → Present Simple.

Misol: Sarlavha: “O‘zbekiston jahon chempionatida g‘alaba qozondi.”

1. Sarlavha → Present Simple, artiklsiz.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: historic present — og‘zaki hikoya, latifa, sarlavha, kitob / film mazmuni, sport sharhi. Rasmiy yozma hikoyada — o‘tgan zamon. Manba haqida — The report says...

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘stga kulgili voqea

• — You won’t believe what happened yesterday!— Kecha nima bo‘lganiga ishonmaysan!
• — What?— Nima?
• — So I’m sitting in a café, right? And this woman comes in with a huge dog.— Xullas, kafeda o‘tiribman, a? Bir ayol katta it bilan kiradi.
• — OK…— Xo‘sh...
• — The dog runs straight to my table, grabs my sandwich and runs away!— It to‘g‘ri mening stolimga yuguradi, sendvichimni oladi-yu, qochib ketadi!
• — No way!— Bo‘lishi mumkin emas!
• — And the woman just looks at me and goes, “Sorry, he’s hungry!”— Ayol esa menga qaraydi-da: “Kechirasiz, u och!” deydi.

Film haqida

• — What’s the film about?— Film nima haqida?
• — It’s about a young doctor who moves to a small village. At first, nobody trusts her, but then she saves a child’s life, and everything changes.— U kichik qishloqqa ko‘chib kelgan yosh shifokor haqida. Avvaliga unga hech kim ishonmaydi, lekin keyin u bir bolaning hayotini saqlab qoladi va hamma narsa o‘zgaradi.
• — Does it have a happy ending?— Oxiri baxtli tugaydimi?
• — I won’t tell you!— Aytmayman!

Kichik matn: “Kitob sharhi”

“The Last Train” is a novel by a young Uzbek writer. The story takes place in Tashkent in the 1990s. The main character, Kamol, works as a train driver. One night, he finds a little girl alone on his train. She doesn’t speak and has no documents. Kamol decides to help her, and together they travel across the country, looking for her family. The author writes beautifully about friendship and hope. Critics say that the book is one of the best of the decade. I read it last summer, and I loved every page.

Matnda qaysi gaplar historic present’da (kitob mazmuni, muallif, tanqidchilar), qaysilari oddiy o‘tgan zamonda (sharhlovchining shaxsiy tajribasi)?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. (Kitob mazmuni) Qahramon sehrli kalit topadi. → The hero finds a magic key.
2. (Sarlavha) Zilzila Turkiyada bo‘ldi. → EARTHQUAKE HITS TURKEY
3. (Hisobot) Hisobotda narxlar oshayotgani aytilgan. → The report says that prices are rising.
4. (Latifa) Bir odam shifokorga keladi va deydi... → A man goes to the doctor and says...
5. (Film) Filmda ikki aka-uka ota-onasini qidiradi. → In the film, two brothers look for their parents.
6. (Rasmiy insho) O‘tgan yili men Londonga bordim. → Last year I went to London.
7. (Sarlavha) O‘n kishi halok bo‘ldi. → TEN KILLED

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Historic present — o‘tmishdagi voqeani hozirgi zamonda aytish (jonlilik uchun).
• Og‘zaki hikoya va latifalar: So I walk in and he says...; fon — Present Continuous.
• Gazeta sarlavhalari: PRESIDENT VISITS INDIA; kelajak — TO + fe’l; majhul — V3.
• Kitob / film mazmuni: doim Present Simple.
• Tarix va sport sharhi: In 1492 Columbus sets sail...
• Manba: The report says..., Shakespeare writes...
• Rasmiy yozma hikoyada — o‘tgan zamon, izchil.