Which for a Whole Clause

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Odatda which bitta otga ishora qiladi: I bought a car which is very fast. (which = car). Lekin which butun bir gapga ham ishora qila oladi:

He was late, which annoyed me. — U kechikdi, bu esa meni asabiylashtirdi.

Bu yerda which nimaga ishora qilyapti? “Kechikish”ga emas, balki butun voqeaga — he was late degan faktga. Bunday gap sentence relative clause (butun gapga ishora qiluvchi aniqlovchi gap) deyiladi.

O‘zbekchada buni “...di, bu esa ...”, “...gani ...”, “...ki, bu ...” kabi shakllar bilan aytamiz: U imtihondan o‘tdi, bu esa hammani hayratda qoldirdi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. which butun gapga ishora qilganda.
2. Nega bu yerda that va what ishlatilmaydi.
3. Fikr va munosabat bildirish: which is great, which was a shame.
4. Predlog bilan: in which case, by which time, at which point.
5. which va this / it farqi — ikki gap yoki bitta gap.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

which — butun gapga ishora

which asosiy gapdagi butun voqeaga ishora qiladi va unga izoh, natija yoki munosabat qo‘shadi.

• He didn’t call me, which made me angry.U menga qo‘ng‘iroq qilmadi, bu esa jahlimni chiqardi.
• It rained all day, which spoiled our picnic.Kun bo‘yi yomg‘ir yog‘di, bu esa piknigimizni buzdi.
• She speaks five languages, which is amazing.U beshta tilda gapiradi, bu ajoyib.
• They’ve cancelled the meeting, which means we can go home early.Ular yig‘ilishni bekor qilishdi, demak, uyga erta ketishimiz mumkin.
• My brother passed his driving test, which surprised everyone.Akam haydovchilik imtihonidan o‘tdi, bu hammani hayratda qoldirdi.
• The train was delayed, which meant I missed my connection.Poyezd kechikdi, shuning uchun keyingi poyezdga ulgurmadim.

Ikki xil which ni solishtiring

Ikkinchi gapda “kind of him” (u tomonidan mehribonlik) — kitob haqida emas, kitob berish harakati haqida.

Nega that va what bo‘lmaydi?

Bu turdagi gapda faqat which ishlatiladi:

• that — vergulli aniqlovchi gaplarda umuman ishlatilmaydi.
• what — “...gan narsa” degan ma’noni beradi va o‘zidan oldin ot yoki gapga ishora qilmaydi: What annoyed me was his attitude. — “Meni asabiylashtirgan narsa uning munosabati edi.”

Vergul majburiy

which dan oldin doim vergul turadi. Og‘zaki nutqda bu joyda qisqa pauza qilinadi.

• I forgot my keys, which was stupid.Kalitlarimni unutib qo‘ydim, bu ahmoqlik edi.
• We won the match, which nobody expected.Biz o‘yinni yutdik, buni hech kim kutmagan edi.

Ikkinchi misolga e’tibor bering: bu yerda which to‘ldiruvchi vazifasida (nobody expected it). Bunda ham which tushirib qoldirilmaydi.

Fikr va munosabat bildirish

Bu tuzilma ko‘pincha voqeaga baho berish uchun ishlatiladi. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan iboralar:

• She got the job, which is great news.U ishga qabul qilindi, bu ajoyib yangilik.
• They couldn’t come, which was a shame.Ular kela olishmadi, bu afsus.
• The test was easy, which was a relief.Test oson ekan, bu yengillik bo‘ldi.
• He grew up in London, which explains why his English is so good.U Londonda o‘sgan, ingliz tili shunchalik yaxshi ekanining sababi shu.
• The shop closes at six, which means we have to hurry.Do‘kon oltida yopiladi, demak, shoshilishimiz kerak.

Predlog bilan: in which case, at which point

which butun gapga ishora qilganda predlog va ot bilan ham keladi. Bu iboralar rasmiyroq va juda foydali:

• It might rain, in which case the match will be cancelled.Yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin, bu holda o‘yin bekor qilinadi.
• He started shouting, at which point I left the room.U baqira boshladi, shu payt men xonadan chiqib ketdim.
• The film ends at eleven, by which time the last bus will have gone.Film o‘n birda tugaydi, o‘sha vaqtga kelib oxirgi avtobus ketib bo‘lgan bo‘ladi.
• We had dinner, after which we went for a walk.Kechki ovqat qildik, shundan keyin sayrga chiqdik.

which va this / it farqi

Xuddi shu fikrni ikkita alohida gap bilan ham aytish mumkin. Bunda which o‘rniga this yoki it keladi:

• He was late, which annoyed me.Bitta gap (which).
• He was late. This annoyed me.Ikki gap (This).
• He was late, and this annoyed me.Bog‘lovchi bilan (and this).

Diqqat: vergul bilan this / it ishlatib bo‘lmaydi — bu xato (comma splice): He was late, this annoyed me. ✗

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Butun voqeaga izoh, natija yoki baho qo‘shyapsizmi? → , which + fe’l.
2. Vergul qo‘yildimi? — Majburiy.
3. that yoki what ishlatmadingizmi? — Faqat which.
4. Shart yoki vaqt ma’nosi kerakmi? → in which case / at which point / by which time.

Misol: “U imtihondan o‘tdi, bu meni juda xursand qildi.”

1. Butun voqeaga munosabat → , which.

Misol: “Sen kechikishing mumkin, bu holda menga qo‘ng‘iroq qil.”

1. Shart ma’nosi → in which case.

Misol: “U bizni ziyofatga taklif qildi, bu juda yoqimli edi.”

1. Taklif qilish harakatiga baho → , which was very nice of him.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: butun gapga ishora — , which (vergul + which). that va what emas. Foydali iboralar: which means, which is a shame, in which case, at which point.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ish haqida yangiliklar

• — How was your week?— Haftang qanday o‘tdi?
• — Busy! My boss was ill, which meant I had to do all her work.— Band! Boshlig‘im kasal edi, shuning uchun uning hamma ishini qilishimga to‘g‘ri keldi.
• — Oh no.— Voy.
• — But on Friday the director thanked me personally, which was really nice.— Lekin juma kuni direktor menga shaxsan minnatdorchilik bildirdi, bu juda yoqimli bo‘ldi.
• — That’s great! Maybe you’ll get a promotion, in which case you’ll have to buy us dinner!— Zo‘r! Balki lavoziming oshar, bu holda bizga kechki ovqat olib berasan!

Sayohat haqida

• — How was the flight?— Parvoz qanday o‘tdi?
• — Terrible. It was delayed by three hours, which meant we arrived at 2 a.m.— Dahshat. Uch soatga kechikdi, shuning uchun tungi ikkida yetib keldik.
• — And the hotel?— Mehmonxona-chi?
• — They had lost our booking, which was the last thing we needed!— Ular bizning bronimizni yo‘qotib qo‘yishgan ekan, bu bizga eng kerak bo‘lmagan narsa edi!

Kichik matn: “Kutilmagan kun”

Last Saturday I planned to stay at home and study, which I hadn’t done for weeks. But at nine o’clock my cousin called and invited me to the mountains, which was a big surprise. I said yes immediately, which my mother didn’t like at all! We left at ten and drove for two hours, by which time I was already hungry. The weather was perfect, which made the walk wonderful. At about four, it started getting cold, at which point we decided to go home. I didn’t study at all that day, which means I have to work twice as hard this week.

Matnda har bir which ni toping. Qaysi biri butun gapga ishora qiladi? Qaysi iboralarda predlog bilan birga kelgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. U mening tug‘ilgan kunimni unutdi, bu meni xafa qildi. → He forgot my birthday, which upset me.
2. Kun bo‘yi qor yog‘di, bu yo‘llarni xavfli qildi. → It snowed all day, which made the roads dangerous.
3. U uchta tilda gapiradi, bu ajoyib. → She speaks three languages, which is amazing.
4. Do‘kon yopiq edi, demak, non sotib ololmadik. → The shop was closed, which meant we couldn’t buy bread.
5. Poyezd kechikishi mumkin, bu holda taksi olamiz. → The train might be late, in which case we’ll take a taxi.
6. U baqira boshladi, shu payt men ketdim. → He started shouting, at which point I left.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• which butun gapga ishora qilishi mumkin: He was late, which annoyed me.
• Vergul majburiy; that va what ishlatilmaydi.
• Ko‘pincha baho yoki natija: which is great, which was a shame, which means...
• Predlog bilan: in which case (bu holda), at which point (shu payt), by which time (o‘sha vaqtga kelib).
• Ikki alohida gapda — This / It: He was late. This annoyed me.
• Vergul bilan this — xato (comma splice).