The Former, The Latter

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Yaxshi matnda gaplar bir-biri bilan bog‘langan bo‘ladi. Buning uchun yozuvchi oldin aytilgan narsalarga qaytib ishora qiladi — lekin ularni takrorlamasdan. Ingliz tilida buning uchun maxsus ishora so‘zlari bor:

• the former — “birinchisi”, “avval tilga olingan”;
• the latter — “ikkinchisi”, “keyin tilga olingan”;
• this / these — yaqindagi fikr yoki narsaga;
• such — “bunday”, “shunday”;
• the above / the following — “yuqoridagi” / “quyidagi”.

Tashkent and Samarkand are both beautiful. The former is modern, while the latter is ancient. — Toshkent va Samarqand ikkalasi ham chiroyli. Birinchisi zamonaviy, ikkinchisi esa qadimiy.

Bu yerda the former = Tashkent, the latter = Samarqand. Shaharlar nomini takrorlash shart emas.

Bu vositalar akademik yozuv, hisobot va IELTS Writingda cohesion (matn birligi) uchun juda muhim. Imtihonchilar aynan shunday vositalarni baholaydi.

O‘zbek tilida bu ma’no “birinchisi / ikkinchisi”, “oldingisi / keyingisi”, “bunday”, “yuqoridagi” kabi so‘zlar bilan beriladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. the former va the latter — ikki narsa orasida.
2. this va these — oldingi fikrga ishora.
3. such — “bunday” tur.
4. the above, the following, as mentioned.
5. O‘rinbosarlar: one / ones, do so, the same.
6. Takrorlanishdan qochish va matnni bog‘lash.

the former va the latter

the former va the latter faqat ikkita narsa haqida gapirganda ishlatiladi:

• the former — birinchi tilga olingan;
• the latter — ikkinchi (oxirgi) tilga olingan.

• I have two brothers, Aziz and Bobur. The former is a doctor, and the latter is a teacher.Mening ikki akam bor — Aziz va Bobur. Birinchisi shifokor, ikkinchisi o‘qituvchi.
• We considered both buses and trains. The latter were faster, but the former were cheaper.Avtobus va poyezdlarni ko‘rib chiqdik. Poyezdlar tezroq edi, avtobuslar esa arzonroq.
• Some people prefer cats, others dogs. I’m one of the latter.Ba’zilar mushukni, boshqalar itni afzal ko‘radi. Men itni yoqtiradiganlardanman.
• Of the two options, the former seems more practical.Ikki variantdan birinchisi amaliyroq ko‘rinadi.

Diqqat:

• Ikkidan ortiq narsa bo‘lsa — the former / the latter ishlatilmaydi. Buning o‘rniga: the first, the second, the last.
• Fe’l otga moslashadi: the latter is (birlik), the latter are (ko‘plik).
• So‘zlashuvda bu so‘zlar rasmiy eshitiladi — u yerda the first one / the second one tabiiyroq.

latter — sifat sifatida ham

• the latter part of the centuryasrning oxirgi qismi
• the latter half of the yearyilning ikkinchi yarmi
• in his latter yearsuning so‘nggi yillarida

this va these — oldingi fikrga ishora

this (birlik) va these (ko‘plik) oldingi gapdagi fikr yoki narsaga ishora qiladi. this butun bir g‘oyaga ham ishora qila oladi:

• Many young people spend hours online. This can affect their sleep.Ko‘plab yoshlar soatlab internetda o‘tirishadi. Bu ularning uyqusiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin.
• The company cut prices. This decision increased sales.Kompaniya narxlarni tushirdi. Bu qaror savdoni oshirdi.
• Pollution and traffic are serious problems. These issues must be addressed.Ifloslanish va tirbandlik jiddiy muammolar. Bu masalalar hal qilinishi kerak.

this + ot — aniqroq ishora

Akademik yozuvda this ni yolg‘iz emas, ot bilan ishlatish aniqroq:

Foydali otlar: this trend, this problem, this approach, this view, these changes, these factors, this situation, this issue.

this va that

this — yaqindagi, hozirgi fikr; that — uzoqroq yoki biroz masofali. Akademik yozuvda this ko‘proq ishlatiladi.

such — “bunday”

such — “bunday”, “shunday” — oldin aytilganga o‘xshash tur:

• Some students cheat in exams. Such behaviour is unacceptable.Ba’zi talabalar imtihonda ko‘chiradi. Bunday xatti-harakat qabul qilinmaydi.
• Floods, earthquakes and storms are becoming more common. Such disasters cost billions.Toshqin, zilzila va bo‘ronlar tez-tez uchrayapti. Bunday ofatlar milliardlab zarar keltiradi.
• I had never been in such a situation before.Men ilgari hech qachon bunday vaziyatda bo‘lmaganman.
• Countries such as Japan and Korea invest heavily in education.Yaponiya va Koreya kabi davlatlar ta’limga katta sarmoya kiritadi.

as such — “shu sifatda”, “o‘z-o‘zidan”: He is a manager, and as such, he must make decisions. — U menejer va shu sifatda qaror qabul qilishi kerak.

the above, the following, as mentioned

Matnning boshqa qismiga ishora qilish uchun:

• As mentioned above, the main problem is cost.Yuqorida aytilganidek, asosiy muammo — narx.
• The following students must attend the meeting: ...Quyidagi talabalar yig‘ilishda qatnashishi shart: ...
• The results are as follows: ...Natijalar quyidagicha: ...
• All the above factors contribute to climate change.Yuqoridagi barcha omillar iqlim o‘zgarishiga hissa qo‘shadi.

O‘rinbosarlar: one / ones, do so, the same

one / ones

Otni takrorlamaslik uchun one (birlik) va ones (ko‘plik):

• I don’t like this shirt. Can I see that one?Bu ko‘ylak yoqmadi. Anavisini ko‘rsam bo‘ladimi?
• These shoes are too small. Do you have bigger ones?Bu poyabzal juda kichik. Kattaroqlari bormi?
• Which cake do you want — the chocolate one or the fruit one?Qaysi tortni xohlaysiz — shokoladlisinimi yoki mevalisinimi?

Diqqat: sanalmaydigan otlar bilan one ishlatilmaydi: I prefer white wine to red one — xato; ...to red — to‘g‘ri.

do so / do the same

Fe’l guruhini takrorlamaslik uchun:

• The government promised to reduce taxes, but it has not done so.Hukumat soliqlarni kamaytirishga va’da berdi, lekin buni qilmadi.
• Students who wish to apply should do so before Friday.Ariza bermoqchi bo‘lgan talabalar buni jumagacha qilishlari kerak.
• My brother studied law, and I did the same.Akam huquqshunoslikni o‘qidi, men ham xuddi shunday qildim.

do so — rasmiy; so‘zlashuvda do it / do that.

Takrorlanishdan qochish

Yaxshi akademik matnda bir xil so‘z takrorlanmaydi. Buning uchun:

• Smoking is harmful. It damages the lungs, and this damage can be permanent. Such effects are well known.Chekish zararli. U o‘pkani shikastlaydi va bu zarar doimiy bo‘lishi mumkin. Bunday ta’sirlar yaxshi ma’lum.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ikki narsadan qaysi biriga ishora? → the former (1-si) / the latter (2-si).
2. Oldingi butun fikrgami? → this + ot (this trend, this problem).
3. Shunga o‘xshash turgami? → such + ot.
4. Matnning boshqa qismigami? → as mentioned above, the following.
5. Otni yoki fe’lni takrorlamaslik? → one / ones, do so.

Misol: “Men qahva va choyni ichaman. Ikkinchisi sog‘lomroq.”

1. Ikki narsa, ikkinchisi → the latter.

Misol: “Ba’zi odamlar ko‘chaga axlat tashlaydi. Bunday xatti-harakat jazolanishi kerak.”

1. Oldingi tur → such + ot.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: the former / the latter — faqat ikkita narsa; this / these + ot — oldingi fikr; such (a) + ot — bunday tur; as mentioned above / the following; one / ones va do so — takrordan qochish.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

IELTS Task 1 — grafik tavsifi

• The graph compares car and bicycle use in two cities, Amsterdam and London.Grafik ikki shahar — Amsterdam va Londonda mashina va velosipeddan foydalanishni solishtiradi.
• In the former, bicycles are far more popular, whereas in the latter, cars dominate.Birinchisida velosipedlar ancha mashhur, ikkinchisida esa mashinalar ustunlik qiladi.
• This difference can be explained by infrastructure.Bu farqni infratuzilma bilan izohlash mumkin.
• Such trends are common in European cities.Bunday tendensiyalar Yevropa shaharlarida keng tarqalgan.

Ish hisobotida

• We considered two suppliers: TechCo and GlobalNet.Biz ikki yetkazib beruvchini ko‘rib chiqdik: TechCo va GlobalNet.
• The former offers lower prices, while the latter provides better service.Birinchisi arzonroq narxlarni taklif qiladi, ikkinchisi esa yaxshiroq xizmat ko‘rsatadi.
• As mentioned above, quality is our priority.Yuqorida aytilganidek, sifat bizning ustuvor vazifamiz.
• We therefore recommend the latter.Shuning uchun ikkinchisini tavsiya qilamiz.

Kichik matn: “Shahar yoki qishloq?”

Many people today must choose between living in a city and living in the countryside. The former offers better jobs, schools and hospitals, while the latter provides fresh air and a slower pace of life. This choice is not always easy. Young people often prefer cities, whereas older people tend to choose villages. Such differences reflect changing priorities at different stages of life. As mentioned earlier, cities offer more opportunities. However, people who move to the countryside rarely regret doing so.

Matndagi barcha ishora vositalarini toping. Har biri nimaga ishora qiladi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Mening ikki do‘stim bor — Aziz va Lola. Birinchisi shifokor. → I have two friends, Aziz and Lola. The former is a doctor.
2. ...Ikkinchisi muhandis. → The latter is an engineer.
3. Narxlar oshdi. Bu o‘sish muammo tug‘dirdi. → Prices rose. This increase caused problems.
4. Ba’zilar ko‘chirishadi. Bunday xatti-harakat qabul qilinmaydi. → Some cheat. Such behaviour is unacceptable.
5. Yuqorida aytilganidek, narx muhim. → As mentioned above, price is important.
6. Bu ko‘ylak yoqmadi. Anavisini ko‘rsam bo‘ladimi? → I don’t like this shirt. Can I see that one?
7. Ariza bermoqchi bo‘lganlar buni jumagacha qilsin. → Those who wish to apply should do so by Friday.
8. Yaponiya va Koreya kabi davlatlar → countries such as Japan and Korea

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• the former — ikkidan birinchisi; the latter — ikkinchisi (faqat 2 ta narsa uchun).
• Ikkidan ortiq bo‘lsa — the first, the last.
• this / these + ot — oldingi fikrga aniq ishora: this trend, these factors.
• such + ko‘plik / sanalmaydigan ot; such a + birlik; such as + misollar.
• as mentioned above, the following, as follows.
• one / ones (sanaladigan ot o‘rnida), do so / do the same (fe’l o‘rnida).
• Maqsad — takrorsiz, bog‘langan matn (cohesion).