Due to, Owing to, As a result

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Sabab va natijani bog‘lash uchun eng oddiy so‘zlar — because va so: I stayed at home because I was ill. I was ill, so I stayed at home. B2 darajasida esa bu ma’noni rasmiyroq va xilma-xil aytish kerak bo‘ladi, ayniqsa yozuvda:

Sabab (nima uchun?):

• because of / due to / owing to + ot: The flight was cancelled due to bad weather.
• as / since + gap: As it was late, we took a taxi.

Natija (shuning uchun nima bo‘ldi?):

• as a result / consequently / therefore — yangi gap boshida: It rained heavily. As a result, the roads flooded.
• so / that’s why — so‘zlashuvda.

Eng muhim grammatik farq: ba’zi so‘zlardan keyin ot, ba’zilaridan keyin esa to‘liq gap (ega + fe’l) keladi. Ularni aralashtirish — eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato.

O‘zbekchada sabab “...gani uchun”, “...sababli”, “...tufayli”, natija esa “shuning uchun”, “natijada”, “oqibatda” bilan beriladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. because va because of — gap yoki ot.
2. due to va owing to — rasmiy sabab.
3. as va since — ma’lum sabab, gap boshida.
4. as a result, consequently, therefore — natija.
5. so, that’s why, which is why — so‘zlashuvda.
6. Fe’llar: cause, lead to, result in, result from.

because va because of

Bu ikkisini aralashtirish juda keng tarqalgan xato. Farq faqat grammatikada:

• I’m tired because I didn’t sleep well.Yaxshi uxlamaganim uchun charchadim.
• I’m tired because of the long journey.Uzoq safar tufayli charchadim.
• The match was stopped because of the storm.Bo‘ron sababli o‘yin to‘xtatildi.
• Because of you, I missed the bus!Sen tufayli avtobusdan qoldim!

because of dan keyin -ing ham kelishi mumkin: He lost his job because of being late every day.

due to va owing to — rasmiy sabab

due to va owing to ma’nosi because of bilan bir xil, lekin ular rasmiyroq. Yangiliklar, e’lonlar, rasmiy xatlarda ko‘p ishlatiladi. Ulardan keyin ham ot keladi.

• The train is delayed due to a technical problem.Poyezd texnik muammo sababli kechikyapti.
• Owing to heavy snow, the school is closed today.Kuchli qor sababli bugun maktab yopiq.
• The concert was cancelled due to the singer’s illness.Konsert xonandaning kasalligi sababli bekor qilindi.
• Owing to the high cost, many people can’t afford it.Yuqori narx tufayli ko‘pchilik buni sotib ololmaydi.

due to the fact that

Agar due to / owing to dan keyin to‘liq gap kerak bo‘lsa, the fact that qo‘shiladi:

• The flight was delayed due to the fact that the pilot was ill.Parvoz uchuvchi kasal bo‘lgani sababli kechiktirildi.

Lekin bu ancha uzun va og‘ir eshitiladi. Ko‘pincha because yaxshiroq: The flight was delayed because the pilot was ill.

Diqqat: due to it was raining — xato. due to the rain yoki because it was raining — to‘g‘ri.

as va since — ma’lum sabab

as va since ham “chunki” degan ma’noni beradi, lekin ular odatda tinglovchiga allaqachon ma’lum yoki muhim bo‘lmagan sababni kiritadi. Ko‘pincha gap boshida keladi.

• As it was late, we decided to take a taxi.Kech bo‘lgani uchun taksi olishga qaror qildik.
• Since you’re here, can you help me with this?Shu yerda ekansan, bunga yordam bera olasanmi?
• As I didn’t have any money, I couldn’t buy anything.Pulim yo‘q edi, shuning uchun hech narsa sotib ololmadim.
• Since everyone is here, let’s start the meeting.Hamma shu yerda ekan, yig‘ilishni boshlaymiz.

because esa yangi, muhim sababni ta’kidlaydi va odatda gap oxirida keladi:

• — Why are you late? — I’m late because my car broke down.— Nega kechikding? — Mashinam buzilib qolgani uchun kechikdim. (yangi, muhim ma’lumot)

Diqqat: since ning ikkinchi ma’nosi — vaqt: I’ve lived here since 2015. Kontekstga qarang.

Natija: as a result, consequently, therefore

Bu so‘zlar natijani kiritadi va odatda yangi gap boshida, vergul bilan keladi. Ular yozma va rasmiy nutqqa xos.

• It rained for three days. As a result, the river flooded.Uch kun yomg‘ir yog‘di. Natijada daryo toshdi.
• The company lost money. Consequently, many workers lost their jobs.Kompaniya zarar ko‘rdi. Oqibatda ko‘p ishchilar ishsiz qoldi.
• He didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the exam.U o‘qimadi. Shuning uchun imtihondan yiqildi.
• Prices have gone up; therefore, people are buying less.Narxlar oshdi, shuning uchun odamlar kamroq sotib olyapti.

as a result of + ot

as a result — natija, lekin as a result of + ot — sabab:

• As a result of the storm, many trees fell.Bo‘ron natijasida ko‘p daraxtlar qulab tushdi.
• He became famous as a result of his first book.U birinchi kitobi natijasida mashhur bo‘ldi.

therefore gap o‘rtasida ham kelishi mumkin: He was ill and therefore couldn’t come.

so‘zlashuvda: so, that’s why, which is why

Kundalik nutqda natija ko‘pincha oddiyroq so‘zlar bilan aytiladi:

• I was tired, so I went to bed early.Charchagan edim, shuning uchun erta yotdim.
• My car broke down. That’s why I’m late.Mashinam buzilib qoldi. Shuning uchun kechikdim.
• She grew up in Paris, which is why her French is perfect.U Parijda o‘sgan, shuning uchun frantsuz tili mukammal.

Diqqat: Because I was tired, so I went to bed — xato (ikki bog‘lovchi). Faqat bittasini ishlating: Because I was tired, I went to bed. yoki I was tired, so I went to bed.

Sabab-natija fe’llari

Rasmiy yozuvda sabab va natija ko‘pincha fe’llar bilan ifodalanadi:

• Heavy rain caused the flooding.Kuchli yomg‘ir suv toshqiniga sabab bo‘ldi.
• Lack of sleep can lead to health problems.Uyqusizlik sog‘liq muammolariga olib kelishi mumkin.
• The fire resulted in serious damage.Yong‘in jiddiy zararga olib keldi.
• His success resulted from years of hard work.Uning muvaffaqiyati yillar davomidagi mehnat natijasi edi.

Diqqat: result in (natijaga olib keldi) va result from (... natijasida kelib chiqdi) — yo‘nalishi teskari!

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Sababni aytyapsizmi yoki natijanimi?
2. Sabab + ot → because of / due to / owing to.
3. Sabab + gap → because / as / since.
4. Natija yangi gapda → As a result, / Consequently, / Therefore,.
5. So‘zlashuvda → so / that’s why.
6. Ikki bog‘lovchini birga ishlatmang (because ... so).

Misol: “Kuchli shamol sababli parvoz bekor qilindi.” (rasmiy)

1. Sabab — ot (kuchli shamol) → due to.

Misol: “Narxlar oshdi. Natijada odamlar kamroq sayohat qilyapti.”

1. Natija, yangi gap → As a result.

Misol: “Hamma charchagani uchun erta tugatdik.”

1. Sabab — gap, ma’lum sabab → As.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: because + gap, because of / due to / owing to + ot. Natija: As a result, / Therefore, / Consequently, — yangi gap boshida. result in → natija, result from ← sabab.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ishga kechikish

• — Why are you so late?— Nega bunchalik kechikding?
• — I’m sorry. There was an accident on the main road, so the traffic was terrible.— Kechirasiz. Asosiy yo‘lda avariya bo‘lgan, shuning uchun tirbandlik dahshatli edi.
• — Again? Last week you were late because of the metro.— Yana? O‘tgan hafta metro tufayli kechikkanding.
• — I know. That’s why I’m going to start leaving home earlier.— Bilaman. Shuning uchun uydan ertaroq chiqa boshlayman.

Rasmiy e’lon

• Dear passengers,Hurmatli yo‘lovchilar,
• Owing to severe weather conditions, all flights to Moscow have been delayed.Og‘ir ob-havo sharoiti sababli Moskvaga barcha parvozlar kechiktirildi.
• As a result, passengers are advised to check the departure board regularly.Shu sababli yo‘lovchilarga jo‘nash jadvalini muntazam tekshirib turish tavsiya etiladi.
• We apologise for any inconvenience caused.Yetkazilgan noqulaylik uchun uzr so‘raymiz.

Kichik matn: “Shahardagi havo ifloslanishi” (insho uslubida)

Air pollution has become a serious problem in many large cities. It is mainly caused by traffic and factories. As the number of cars keeps growing, the air is getting dirtier every year. Due to the poor air quality, many people suffer from breathing problems. Consequently, hospitals are busier than ever. Pollution can also lead to climate change, which results in extreme weather. Therefore, governments must take action. As a result of new laws in some countries, the air has already become cleaner.

Matndan sabab va natija vositalarini toping. Qaysilaridan keyin ot, qaysilaridan keyin gap keladi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Yomg‘ir tufayli uyda qoldik. → We stayed at home because of the rain.
2. Kasal bo‘lganim uchun ishga bormadim. → I didn’t go to work because I was ill.
3. Texnik muammo sababli poyezd kechikyapti. (rasmiy) → The train is delayed due to a technical problem.
4. U o‘qimadi. Shuning uchun imtihondan yiqildi. (rasmiy) → He didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the exam.
5. Kech bo‘lgani uchun taksi oldik. → As it was late, we took a taxi.
6. Chekish saratonga olib keladi. → Smoking causes / leads to cancer.
7. Bo‘ron natijasida ko‘p uylar vayron bo‘ldi. → As a result of the storm, many houses were destroyed.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• because + gap; because of + ot.
• due to / owing to + ot — rasmiy sabab; gap bilan — due to the fact that.
• as / since + gap — ma’lum sabab, ko‘pincha gap boshida.
• Natija: As a result, / Consequently, / Therefore, — yangi gap boshida, vergul bilan.
• as a result of + ot — sabab.
• So‘zlashuvda: so, that’s why, which is why.
• Fe’llar: cause, lead to, result in (sabab → natija); result from, be caused by (natija ← sabab).
• because ... so — birga ishlatilmaydi.