Rise or Raise? Lie or Lay?

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ingliz tilida ba’zi fe’l juftliklari tashqi ko‘rinishi yoki ma’nosi bo‘yicha juda o‘xshash, shuning uchun hatto ingliz tilida so‘zlashuvchilar ham ularni aralashtirib yuborishadi:

• rise / raise — ko‘tarilmoq / ko‘tarmoq
• lie / lay — yotmoq / yotqizmoq, qo‘ymoq
• borrow / lend — qarzga olmoq / qarzga bermoq
• rob / steal — talamoq / o‘g‘irlamoq
• say / tell, bring / take, remember / remind, win / earn / beat

Ko‘p juftliklarning siri — o‘timli va o‘timsiz fe’l farqi:

• O‘timsiz fe’l (intransitive) — to‘ldiruvchisiz: The sun rises. (nimani? — savol yo‘q)
• O‘timli fe’l (transitive) — to‘ldiruvchi bilan: She raised her hand. (nimani? — qo‘lini)

O‘zbek tilida bu farq ko‘pincha qo‘shimcha bilan ko‘rsatiladi: ko‘tarilmoq / ko‘tarmoq, yotmoq / yotqizmoq, o‘tirmoq / o‘tqazmoq. Ingliz tilida esa bular butunlay boshqa so‘zlar.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. rise va raise.
2. lie va lay — eng chalkash juftlik.
3. borrow va lend.
4. rob va steal.
5. say / tell, bring / take, remember / remind.
6. win / earn / beat va boshqa juftliklar.

rise va raise

• The sun rises in the east.Quyosh sharqdan chiqadi.
• Prices have risen by 10%.Narxlar 10% ga oshdi.
• The river rose after the heavy rain.Kuchli yomg‘irdan keyin daryo suvi ko‘tarildi.
• Please raise your hand if you have a question.Savolingiz bo‘lsa, qo‘lingizni ko‘taring.
• The company raised prices again.Kompaniya narxlarni yana oshirdi.
• They raised money for the hospital.Ular kasalxona uchun pul yig‘ishdi.
• She raised three children on her own.U uchta bolani yolg‘iz o‘zi tarbiyalab o‘stirdi.

Qoida: “nimani?” degan savolga javob bo‘lsa — raise; bo‘lmasa — rise.

Ot shakli: a rise (BrE) yoki a raise (AmE) — maosh oshishi: I asked my boss for a pay rise.

lie va lay

Bu eng chalkash juftlik, chunki lie ning 2-shakli lay bilan bir xil!

• I’m tired. I need to lie down.Charchadim. Yotib olishim kerak.
• The cat is lying on the sofa.Mushuk divanda yotibdi.
• Yesterday I lay in bed all morning.Kecha butun ertalab to‘shakda yotdim. (lie ning 2-shakli)
• Please lay the book on the table.Iltimos, kitobni stolga qo‘ying.
• She laid the baby in its bed.U chaqaloqni beshigiga yotqizdi.
• Hens lay eggs.Tovuqlar tuxum qo‘yadi.
• Can you lay the table for dinner?Kechki ovqat uchun dasturxon tuzay olasanmi?
• He lied to me about his age.U yoshi haqida menga yolg‘on gapirdi.

Diqqat: I’m going to lay down — so‘zlashuvda tez-tez eshitiladi, lekin bu xato. To‘g‘risi: lie down (o‘zingiz yotasiz, to‘ldiruvchi yo‘q).

borrow va lend

Bu juftlik yo‘nalish bilan farq qiladi:

• Can I borrow your pen?Ruchkangizni olib tursam bo‘ladimi?
• I borrowed some money from my brother.Akamdan biroz qarz oldim.
• Can you lend me your pen?Ruchkangizni berib tura olasizmi?
• She lent her car to a friend.U mashinasini do‘stiga berib turdi.
• The bank lent us the money for the house.Bank bizga uy uchun qarz berdi.

Diqqat: o‘zbekchada ikkalasi ham “qarz” so‘zi bilan aytiladi. Can you borrow me your pen? — xato! To‘g‘risi: Can you lend me...? yoki Can I borrow...?

lend ning shakllari: lend — lent — lent.

rob va steal

Ikkalasi ham “o‘g‘irlamoq” bilan bog‘liq, lekin to‘ldiruvchisi farq qiladi:

• Someone stole my bike last night.Kecha kimdir velosipedimni o‘g‘irlab ketdi.
• Two men robbed the bank and escaped.Ikki kishi bankni talab, qochib ketishdi.
• I was robbed on the metro.Metroda meni talashdi.
• My wallet was stolen.Hamyonimni o‘g‘irlashdi.
• They robbed him of all his money.Ular uning bor pulini talab olishdi.

steal ning shakllari: steal — stole — stolen. Shaxs: a thief (o‘g‘ri), a robber (talonchi). Harakat: theft (o‘g‘rilik), robbery (talonchilik).

They stole the bank — xato (bank narsa emas, joy). They robbed my phone — xato (telefon narsa).

say / tell, bring / take, remember / remind

say va tell

• She said (that) she was tired.U charchaganini aytdi. (say + gap)
• She said hello to me.U menga salom berdi. (say + to + odam)
• She told me (that) she was tired.U menga charchaganini aytdi. (tell + odam)
• Tell me a story. / tell the truth / tell a lie / tell a jokeMenga ertak aytib ber. / haqiqatni aytmoq / yolg‘on gapirmoq / hazil aytmoq

Qoida: tell dan keyin odam keladi (tell me); say dan keyin odam kelsa — to bilan (say to me). She said me... — xato.

bring va take

• Bring your book here.Kitobingni bu yerga olib kel. (menga tomon)
• Take this letter to the office.Bu xatni ofisga olib bor. (mendan uzoqqa)
• Can I bring a friend to your party?Ziyofatingga do‘stimni olib kelsam bo‘ladimi?
• Don’t forget to take an umbrella.Soyabon olishni unutma.

remember va remind

• I remember your face.Yuzingizni eslayman. (o‘zim eslayman)
• Remind me to call my mum.Onamga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishimni eslatib qo‘y. (boshqa odam eslatadi)
• This song reminds me of my childhood.Bu qo‘shiq menga bolaligimni eslatadi.

Remember me to call — xato (eslatish ma’nosida). Remind me to call.

win / earn / beat va boshqalar

• Uzbekistan won the match 3–1.O‘zbekiston o‘yinni 3:1 hisobida yutdi.
• Uzbekistan beat Japan 3–1.O‘zbekiston Yaponiyani 3:1 hisobida yengdi.
• How much do you earn?Qancha maosh olasiz?

We won Japan — xato (raqibni beat); I win a lot of money at work — xato (ish uchun earn).

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Fe’ldan keyin to‘ldiruvchi bormi? Yo‘q → rise, lie; ha → raise, lay.
2. Qarz kimga ketyapti? Menga → borrow (from); mendan → lend (to).
3. Nima o‘g‘irlandi? Narsa → steal; odam yoki joy → rob.
4. Odam aytiladimi? → tell + odam; aks holda → say.

Misol: “Narxlar har yili oshib boryapti.”

1. To‘ldiruvchi yo‘q (narxlar o‘zi oshadi) → rise.

Misol: “Do‘stim menga kitobini berib turdi.”

1. Mendan emas, menga keldi, lekin ega — do‘st (beruvchi) → lend.

Misol: “Ular do‘konni talashdi va pulni o‘g‘irlashdi.”

1. Do‘kon — joy → rob; pul — narsa → steal.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: rise (o‘zi) / raise (nimanidir); lie (yotmoq) / lay (qo‘ymoq); borrow (olmoq) / lend (bermoq); steal (narsa) / rob (odam, joy).

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘stlar o‘rtasida

• — Can I borrow your laptop for an hour?— Noutbukingni bir soatga olib tursam bo‘ladimi?
• — Sorry, I lent it to my sister yesterday.— Kechirasan, kecha uni singlimga berib turgandim.
• — Oh no. My laptop was stolen last week.— Voy. O‘tgan hafta mening noutbukimni o‘g‘irlashdi.
• — What? Were you robbed?— Nima? Seni talashdimi?
• — No, someone broke into my car. I told the police, but they said there was little hope.— Yo‘q, kimdir mashinamga kirgan. Politsiyaga aytdim, lekin ular umid kam ekanini aytishdi.

Ishda

• — Prices have risen again this month.— Bu oy narxlar yana oshdi.
• — I know. I’m going to ask the boss to raise my salary.— Bilaman. Boshliqdan maoshimni oshirishni so‘rayman.
• — Good luck! Last year he said no to everyone.— Omad! O‘tgan yili u hammaga yo‘q dedi.
• — Remind me to prepare my arguments, then!— Unda dalillarimni tayyorlashimni eslatib qo‘y!

Kichik matn: “Omadsiz kun”

Yesterday was terrible. I woke up when the sun rose, but I felt ill, so I lay in bed until ten. When I finally got up, I couldn’t find my wallet — someone had stolen it on the bus the day before! I had to borrow money from my neighbour, who kindly lent me 100,000 sums. Then I went to the bank, but it was closed because someone had robbed it in the morning. When I got home, I laid my keys on the table and lay down on the sofa. My mum called and told me not to worry. “It could be worse,” she said.

Matndagi har bir chalkash fe’lni toping. lay ikki marta uchraydi — ular qaysi fe’llarning shakllari?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Quyosh sharqdan chiqadi. → The sun rises in the east.
2. Qo‘lingizni ko‘taring. → Raise your hand.
3. Men yotib olmoqchiman. → I want to lie down.
4. Kitobni stolga qo‘y. → Lay / Put the book on the table.
5. Ruchkangni berib tura olasanmi? → Can you lend me your pen?
6. Kutubxonadan kitob oldim (vaqtincha). → I borrowed a book from the library.
7. Telefonimni o‘g‘irlashdi. → My phone was stolen.
8. Bankni talashdi. → The bank was robbed.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• rise (rose, risen) — o‘zi ko‘tariladi; raise (raised) — nimanidir ko‘taradi.
• lie (lay, lain) — yotmoq; lay (laid) — qo‘ymoq; lie (lied) — yolg‘on gapirmoq.
• borrow from — qarzga olmoq; lend (to) — qarzga bermoq.
• steal + narsa; rob + odam / joy.
• tell + odam; say (+ to + odam).
• bring — bu yerga; take — u yerga. remember — eslamoq; remind — eslatmoq.
• win + o‘yin / sovrin; beat + raqib; earn + pul.