Generic you, one, they

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ba’zan biz aniq bir odam haqida emas, balki umuman hamma odamlar haqida gapiramiz: “Hech qachon bilib bo‘lmaydi”, “Inson sog‘lig‘ini asrashi kerak”, “Aytishlaricha, bu yerda arvoh bor”. Ingliz tilida buning uchun uchta olmosh ishlatiladi:

• you — eng ko‘p, so‘zlashuvda: You never know. — Hech qachon bilib bo‘lmaydi.
• one — juda rasmiy, adabiy: One should always be polite. — Inson doim xushmuomala bo‘lishi kerak.
• they — “odamlar”, “hukumat / rasmiylar”: They say it will rain tomorrow. — Ertaga yomg‘ir yog‘adi deyishyapti.

Bu yerda you — “sen / siz” emas, balki “har qanday odam”, they esa — aniq odamlar emas, noaniq guruh.

O‘zbek tilida bu ma’no ko‘pincha shaxssiz shakllar bilan beriladi: bilib bo‘lmaydi, ...ish kerak, deyishadi, aytishlaricha. Ingliz tilida esa gapda ega majburiy bo‘lgani uchun you, one, they ishlatiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Umumiy you — hamma odamlar.
2. one — rasmiy uslub va uning shakllari: one’s, oneself.
3. they — “deyishadi”, rasmiylar, kompaniyalar.
4. they — jinsi noma’lum bitta odam uchun.
5. Boshqa variantlar: people, we, majhul nisbat.
6. Qaysi vositani qachon tanlash.

Umumiy you

you — so‘zlashuvda eng tabiiy usul. U “har qanday odam”, “hamma” (shu jumladan gapiruvchi va tinglovchi) degan ma’noni beradi.

• You never know what will happen.Nima bo‘lishini hech qachon bilib bo‘lmaydi.
• You can’t buy happiness.Baxtni sotib olib bo‘lmaydi.
• You should always wear a seat belt.Har doim xavfsizlik kamarini taqish kerak.
• How do you get to the station from here?Bu yerdan vokzalga qanday boriladi?
• You have to be 18 to vote in Uzbekistan.O‘zbekistonda ovoz berish uchun 18 yoshda bo‘lish kerak.
• When you learn a language, you need patience.Til o‘rganganda sabr kerak.

Diqqat: How do you get to the station? — bu “sen qanday borasan?” emas, balki “qanday boriladi?” Tinglovchi buni yo‘l so‘rash deb tushunadi.

Ko‘rsatma va qoidalar

Ko‘rsatma va qoidalarni tushuntirishda ham umumiy you ishlatiladi:

• First you add the flour, then you mix it with eggs.Avval un qo‘shiladi, keyin tuxum bilan aralashtiriladi.
• In this game, you have to throw the ball into the basket.Bu o‘yinda to‘pni savatga tashlash kerak.

one — rasmiy uslub

one — you bilan bir xil ma’no, lekin juda rasmiy va biroz eskirgan. U asosan rasmiy yozuvda, falsafiy fikrlarda va nutqlarda uchraydi. So‘zlashuvda u kibrli yoki sun’iy eshitilishi mumkin.

• One should never judge people by their appearance.Odamlarni tashqi ko‘rinishiga qarab baholamaslik kerak.
• One cannot be too careful these days.Hozirgi kunda qanchalik ehtiyot bo‘lsang, shuncha yaxshi.
• One must take care of one’s health.Inson o‘z sog‘lig‘ini asrashi kerak.
• It makes one think.Bu kishini o‘ylashga majbur qiladi.

one ning shakllari

Diqqat: gapni one bilan boshlasangiz, uni you yoki he bilan davom ettirmang — oxirigacha one qoladi: One should do one’s best (one should do your best — aralash, xato hisoblanadi). Amerika inglizchasida one ... his / her ham uchraydi, lekin britancha standart — one’s.

they — “deyishadi”, rasmiylar

they aniq bo‘lmagan odamlar guruhiga ishora qiladi: umuman odamlar, rasmiylar, kompaniya, hukumat.

They say... — “Aytishlaricha”

• They say it’s going to be a cold winter.Qish sovuq bo‘ladi deyishyapti.
• They say that money can’t buy love.Pul bilan sevgini sotib olib bo‘lmaydi deyishadi.
• They say the new restaurant is very good.Yangi restoran juda yaxshi deyishyapti.

Rasmiylar, kompaniyalar, hukumat

• They’re building a new metro station near my house.Uyim yaqinida yangi metro bekati qurishyapti.
• They’ve raised the price of petrol again.Benzin narxini yana oshirishibdi.
• They should do something about the traffic.Tirbandlik bilan nimadir qilishlari kerak.
• In this shop they sell everything.Bu do‘konda hamma narsa sotiladi.
• They don’t allow dogs in this park.Bu parkka it bilan kirishga ruxsat berishmaydi.

Bu gaplarda they kim ekani aniq emas va muhim ham emas.

they — jinsi noma’lum bitta odam

Zamonaviy ingliz tilida they / them / their bitta odam uchun ham ishlatiladi, agar uning jinsi noma’lum yoki muhim bo‘lmasa:

• If someone calls, tell them I’m busy.Agar kimdir qo‘ng‘iroq qilsa, unga bandligimni ayt.
• Everyone should bring their own lunch.Har kim o‘z tushligini olib kelishi kerak.
• A student who misses the exam must explain why they were absent.Imtihonga kelmagan talaba nega kelmaganini tushuntirishi kerak.
• Somebody left their umbrella here.Kimdir soyabonini shu yerda qoldiribdi.

Bu shakl singular they deb ataladi va hozir hatto rasmiy yozuvda ham to‘g‘ri hisoblanadi. Eski uslubdagi he or she, his or her esa og‘ir eshitiladi.

Boshqa variantlar

Xuddi shu ma’noni boshqa yo‘llar bilan ham ifodalash mumkin:

• People often think that learning English is easy.Odamlar ko‘pincha ingliz tilini o‘rganish oson deb o‘ylashadi.
• We all need friends.Hammamizga do‘st kerak.
• In Uzbekistan we drink a lot of tea.O‘zbekistonda biz ko‘p choy ichamiz.
• It is said that the castle is haunted.Aytishlaricha, qal’ada arvoh bor. (rasmiy)
• English is spoken all over the world.Ingliz tilida butun dunyoda gaplashiladi.

Qaysi vositani tanlash?

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Hamma odamlar haqida gapiryapsizmi? — Ha.
2. Uslub norasmiymi? → you.
3. Uslub juda rasmiymi? → one (one’s, oneself) yoki majhul nisbat.
4. Mish-mish yoki rasmiylar haqidami? → they.
5. Bitta odam, jinsi noma’lummi? → they / their.

Misol: “Bu yerda chekib bo‘lmaydi.” (do‘stga)

1. Norasmiy, umumiy qoida → you.

Misol: “Inson o‘z ota-onasini hurmat qilishi kerak.” (rasmiy insho)

1. Rasmiy → one, egalik — one’s.

Misol: “Shahar markazida yangi bog‘ ochishyapti.”

1. Rasmiylar, noaniq → they.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: umumiy odam — you (so‘zlashuv), one (rasmiy, one’s / oneself); “deyishadi”, rasmiylar — they; jinsi noma’lum bitta odam — they / their.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Yangi shaharda

• — Excuse me, how do you get to the museum from here?— Kechirasiz, bu yerdan muzeyga qanday boriladi?
• — You take the number 5 bus and get off at the third stop.— 5-raqamli avtobusga o‘tirib, uchinchi bekatda tushiladi.
• — Do you need to buy a ticket before?— Oldindan chipta sotib olish kerakmi?
• — No, you can pay on the bus. But they’ve just raised the price.— Yo‘q, avtobusda to‘lash mumkin. Lekin narxni hozirgina oshirishdi.
• — They say the museum is closed on Mondays. Is that true?— Muzey dushanba kunlari yopiq deyishadi. Rostmi?
• — Yes. You’d better go tomorrow.— Ha. Ertaga borganingiz ma’qul.

Ustoz va talaba

• — Teacher, is it OK to use “one” in my essay?— Ustoz, inshoimda “one” ishlatsam bo‘ladimi?
• — Yes, in formal essays one can use it. But don’t mix it with “you”.— Ha, rasmiy inshoda ishlatish mumkin. Lekin uni “you” bilan aralashtirmang.
• — So, “One should always do one’s best”?— Demak, “One should always do one’s best”mi?
• — Exactly. In conversation, though, people just say “You should always do your best.”— Aynan. Lekin suhbatda odamlar shunchaki “You should always do your best” deyishadi.

Kichik matn: “Sog‘lom hayot”

Everyone knows that you should eat healthy food and do exercise, but it isn’t always easy. They say that you need to walk ten thousand steps a day to stay healthy. Doctors also tell us that we should drink at least two litres of water. In the past, people thought that eating fat was always bad, but now they’ve discovered that some fats are good for you. One might say that the best advice is simple: listen to your body. And if someone tells you they have a magic diet, don’t believe them!

Matnda umumiy ma’nodagi you, they, we, people, one ni toping. Qaysi they “deyishadi”, qaysi biri olimlarni, qaysi biri bitta noma’lum odamni bildiradi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Hech qachon bilib bo‘lmaydi. → You never know.
2. Inson qonunni hurmat qilishi kerak. (rasmiy) → One should respect the law.
3. Ertaga qor yog‘adi deyishyapti. → They say it will snow tomorrow.
4. Uyimiz yaqinida yangi maktab qurishyapti. → They’re building a new school near our house.
5. Kimdir sumkasini qoldiribdi. → Someone has left their bag.
6. Hammamiz xato qilamiz. → We all make mistakes.
7. Inson o‘ziga ishonishi kerak. (rasmiy) → One must believe in oneself.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Ingliz gapida ega majburiy — shaxssiz o‘zbekcha gaplar uchun umumiy olmosh kerak.
• you — umumiy odam, so‘zlashuvda: You never know.
• one — juda rasmiy: one / one’s / oneself; you bilan aralashtirmang.
• they — “deyishadi” (They say...), rasmiylar, kompaniyalar.
• they / them / their — jinsi noma’lum bitta odam: Someone left their bag.
• Boshqa vositalar: people, we, someone, majhul nisbat (It is said that...).