Capital Letters and Full Stops

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Inglizchada bosh harf (capital letter) qoidalari o‘zbek tilidan biroz farq qiladi. Eng katta farqlar: I (men) olmoshi doim katta harf bilan, hafta kunlari, oylar, tillar va millatlar ham katta harf bilan yoziladi.

Gap oxirida esa tinish belgisi turadi: oddiy gapda nuqta (.), savolda so‘roq belgisi (?), his-hayajonda undov belgisi (!).

• I speak Uzbek and English.Men o‘zbek va ingliz tillarida gapiraman.
• My birthday is in May.Tug‘ilgan kunim mayda.
• We have English on Monday.Dushanba kuni ingliz tili darsimiz bor.
• Where do you live?Qayerda yashaysiz?

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Qaysi so‘zlar doim bosh harf bilan yoziladi.
2. O‘zbek tilidan farqlar: I, kunlar, oylar, tillar.
3. Fasllar va kasblar — kichik harf bilan.
4. Nuqta, so‘roq va undov belgisi.
5. Sarlavhalarda bosh harf.

Doim bosh harf bilan

I gapning o‘rtasida ham katta: Yesterday I went home. Lekin me, my — kichik harf bilan.

O‘zbek tilidan farqi

O‘zbekchada dushanba, may, o‘zbek tili kichik harf bilan yoziladi. Inglizchada esa katta:

• I was born in April.Men aprelda tug‘ilganman.
• See you on Tuesday.Seshanba kuni ko‘rishamiz.
• She is Kazakh.U qozoq.
• Do you speak German?Nemischa gapirasizmi?

Kichik harf bilan yoziladi

• I love summer.Men yozni yaxshi ko‘raman.
• My father is a doctor.Otam shifokor.
• We have maths and English today.Bugun matematika va ingliz tili bor.

Diqqat: city — kichik, lekin Tashkent City — katta (aniq nom bo‘lsa).

Gap oxiridagi belgilar

Inglizchada so‘roq belgisi faqat gap oxirida turadi. Ispan tilidagidek boshida qo‘yilmaydi.

Bosh harf: kitob, film va tashkilot nomlari

Kitob, film, qo‘shiq, gazeta va tashkilot nomlarida muhim so‘zlar bosh harf bilan yoziladi. Kichik so‘zlar (artikl, predlog, bog‘lovchi) esa — agar ular nomning boshida kelmasa — kichik harf bilan:

• Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone“Garri Potter va falsafa toshi” (and, the — kichik)
• The Old Man and the Sea“Chol va dengiz” (birinchi The — bosh harf)
• the United Nations / the World Health OrganizationBMT / Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkiloti
• Tashkent State UniversityToshkent davlat universiteti

Bosh harf: unvonlar, qarindoshlar va geografik nomlar

Unvonlar

Unvon ism oldidan kelsa — bosh harf; yolg‘iz kelsa — kichik harf:

• President Mirziyoyev / the president of the companyPrezident Mirziyoyev / kompaniya prezidenti
• Doctor Aliyev / I need to see a doctor.Doktor Aliyev / Shifokorga ko‘rinishim kerak.
• Professor Smith / She is a professor.Professor Smit / U professor.

Qarindoshlar

Mum, Dad, Grandma ism o‘rnida ishlatilsa — bosh harf; my bilan kelsa — kichik harf:

• Can you help me, Mum?Menga yordam bera olasizmi, oyi?
• My mum is a teacher.Mening onam o‘qituvchi.

Geografik nomlar

• the Amu Darya, the Pacific Ocean, Mount EverestAmudaryo, Tinch okeani, Everest tog‘i
• the north of Uzbekistan / North AmericaO‘zbekiston shimoli (yo‘nalish) / Shimoliy Amerika (nom)

Yo‘nalish (north, south) kichik harf; nom qismi bo‘lsa bosh harf.

Elektron xat va SMS’da bosh harf

Norasmiy SMS va chatlarda ko‘p odamlar bosh harfni tashlab yozadi: hi how r u. Lekin rasmiy xat, ariza, imtihon va ish yozishmalarida bosh harf qoidalari majburiy. Ayniqsa:

• gap boshi va I har doim bosh harf;
• ismlar, kompaniya nomlari, kunlar va oylar bosh harf;
• murojaat: Dear Mr Karimov, — har bir so‘z bosh harf bilan.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Gapni to‘g‘ri yozish uchun tekshiring:

1. Birinchi harf — kattami?
2. I, ismlar, joylar, kunlar, oylar, tillar — kattami?
3. Oxirida — nuqta, so‘roq yoki undov belgisi bormi?

Misol: “men va ali dushanba kuni samarqandga boramiz”

1. Gap boshi: Ali and I...
2. Ism: Ali. Olmosh: I. Kun: Monday. Shahar: Samarkand.
3. Oddiy gap → nuqta.

Misol: “siz ingliz tilida gapirasizmi”

1. Gap boshi: Do...
2. Til: English.
3. Savol → ?

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: I, kunlar, oylar, tillar, millatlar — doim katta. Fasllar, kasblar — kichik.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘stga xabar

Hi Madina! I’m in Bukhara now. We arrived on Saturday. The weather is hot – it’s real summer here! My cousin speaks English and Russian, so I practise every day. When are you coming? See you in August!

Rasmiy xat

Dear Mr Smith,

My name is Aziz Rahimov, and I am a student at Tashkent State University. I am writing to ask about the summer course in London in July. I would like to know the price and the dates. I speak English and Russian.

Yours sincerely, Aziz Rahimov

Xatdagi har bir bosh harfni toping va nima uchun bosh harf ekanini tushuntiring: ism, tashkilot, shahar, oy, til yoki I.

Kichik matn: “Sevimli kitobim”

My favourite book is The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. It was written in French in 1943. I first read it when I was ten, during the summer holidays in Samarkand. My grandfather gave it to me. He said, “Read it again when you are older.” I did, and I understood it better. Now I read it every January, on my birthday.

Matnda kitob nomi, ism, til, shahar va oy qanday yozilganiga e’tibor bering. Nima uchun grandfather kichik harf bilan yozilgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Qaysi biri to‘g‘ri: monday yoki Monday? → Monday
2. Qaysi biri to‘g‘ri: Winter yoki winter? → winter
3. Tuzating: my brother and i speak uzbek. → My brother and I speak Uzbek.
4. Tuzating: where do you live. → Where do you live?
5. Kasb: a Doctor yoki a doctor? → a doctor
6. “the old man and the sea” — kitob nomini to‘g‘ri yozing. → The Old Man and the Sea
7. “men shifokorga boraman” — I need to see a ___. → doctor (kichik harf)
8. “prezident mirziyoyev” — to‘g‘ri yozing. → President Mirziyoyev
9. “dear mrs karimova,” — to‘g‘ri yozing. → Dear Mrs Karimova,

Qisqa xulosa

• Gap boshi va I — doim katta harf.
• Ismlar, shaharlar, davlatlar — katta harf.
• Kunlar, oylar, bayramlar, tillar, millatlar — katta harf (o‘zbekchadan farqli).
• Fasllar, kasblar, oddiy otlar — kichik harf.
• Gap oxirida: . (oddiy), ? (savol), ! (hayajon).