By or Until?

Oddiy qilib aytganda

by va until ikkalasi ham o‘zbekchada ko‘pincha “...gacha” deb tarjima qilinadi. Lekin ular mutlaqo boshqa narsani bildiradi:

• until (yoki till) — harakat o‘sha vaqtgacha davom etadi, keyin to‘xtaydi: I’ll wait until five. — Beshgacha kutaman (4:00, 4:30, 4:59 — kutyapman, beshda to‘xtayman).
• by — harakat o‘sha vaqtdan kechikmay bajariladi, eng kech muddat: Finish the report by Friday. — Hisobotni juma kunigacha tugating (dushanba, seshanba yoki juma — farqi yo‘q, faqat jumadan kechikmasin).

Bu farqni tasavvur qiling:

O‘zbekchada by ma’nosini aniqroq aytish uchun “...dan kechiktirmay”, “...ga qadar ulgurib”, “...gacha (tugatib)” deyiladi. until esa “...gacha (davom etib)”.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. until — davomiy harakat va uning tugash nuqtasi.
2. by — eng kech muddat (deadline).
3. not ... until — “...gacha emas, faqat ...da”.
4. by the time — “...gan paytga kelib”.
5. by va until bilan fe’l tanlash.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

until — davom etib, ...gacha

until dan oldingi fe’l davomiy harakat yoki holatni bildiradi: wait, stay, work, sleep, live, be open. Harakat ma’lum vaqtgacha to‘xtovsiz davom etadi.

• I’ll wait for you until six.Seni oltigacha kutaman.
• The shop is open until 10 p.m.Do‘kon kechki soat o‘ngacha ochiq.
• We stayed at the party until midnight.Ziyofatda yarim tungacha qoldik.
• She lived with her parents until she got married.U turmushga chiqqunicha ota-onasi bilan yashadi.
• Let’s wait until the rain stops.Yomg‘ir to‘xtagunicha kutaylik.
• I usually work until five o’clock.Odatda beshgacha ishlayman.

till — until ning qisqa, so‘zlashuv shakli: See you till Monday! (asosan og‘zaki).

until + gap

until dan keyin ot ham (until Monday), to‘liq gap ham (until I come back) kelishi mumkin. Kelajak haqida gapirsak ham, until dan keyin Present Simple ishlatiladi:

• Don’t open the door until I tell you.Men aytmagunimcha eshikni ochma.
• Stay in bed until you feel better.O‘zingizni yaxshi his qilmaguningizcha to‘shakda yoting.
• I won’t leave until you explain everything.Hammasini tushuntirmaguningizcha ketmayman.

by — kechikmay, eng kech muddat

by — “shu vaqtdan kechiktirmay”. Harakat bir martalik bo‘ladi va u shu vaqtgacha istalgan paytda bajarilishi mumkin. by bilan odatda natijali, bir martalik fe’llar keladi: finish, send, arrive, pay, return, be ready.

• Please send me the documents by Friday.Iltimos, hujjatlarni jumadan kechiktirmay yuboring.
• I need to be home by eight.Sakkizgacha uyda bo‘lishim kerak.
• The work will be finished by the end of the month.Ish oy oxirigacha tugatiladi.
• You must pay the bill by 15 March.Hisobni 15-martgacha to‘lashingiz kerak.
• Can you return the book by Monday?Kitobni dushanbagacha qaytara olasizmi?
• By the age of five, he could read.Besh yoshidayoq u o‘qiy olardi.

by + vaqt bilan zamon

by ko‘pincha Future Perfect va Past Perfect bilan keladi, chunki u “o‘sha vaqtga kelib allaqachon” degan ma’noni beradi:

• By next year, I will have finished university.Kelasi yilga kelib universitetni tugatgan bo‘laman.
• By 9 a.m., everyone had arrived.Ertalab to‘qqizga kelib hamma yetib kelgan edi.

until va by ni solishtiring

Qoida: fe’l davomiy (wait, stay, work, sleep) → until; fe’l bir martalik natija (finish, arrive, send, pay) → by.

• Can you stay until Friday?Jumagacha qola olasizmi? (qolish davom etadi)
• Can you finish by Friday?Jumagacha tugata olasizmi? (tugatish — bir marta)

not ... until — “faqat ... da”

not ... until — “...gacha ... emas”, ya’ni “faqat ... da, ...dan keyingina”. Bu juda foydali tuzilma.

• The film doesn’t start until eight.Film faqat sakkizda boshlanadi. (sakkizgacha boshlanmaydi)
• I didn’t wake up until eleven.Faqat o‘n birda uyg‘ondim.
• We can’t leave until the meeting finishes.Yig‘ilish tugamaguncha keta olmaymiz.
• She won’t know the results until next week.U natijalarni faqat kelasi haftada biladi.

Bu yerda bir martalik fe’l (start, wake up, leave) until bilan keladi, chunki inkor shakli davomiy ma’no beradi: “sakkizgacha boshlanmay turadi”.

by the time — “...gan paytga kelib”

by the time + gap — “...gan paytga kelib”, “...guncha”. Ikkinchi gapda odatda Past Perfect (o‘tmish) yoki Future Perfect (kelajak) keladi.

• By the time we arrived, the film had started.Biz yetib kelganimizda film boshlanib bo‘lgan edi.
• By the time I got to the shop, it had closed.Men do‘konga yetib borgunimcha u yopilib bo‘lgan edi.
• By the time you read this, I’ll have left.Sen buni o‘qiyotgan paytingda men ketib bo‘lgan bo‘laman.

Batafsil — “Murakkab payt bog‘lovchilari” darsida.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Harakat vaqt davomida davom etadimi? (kutish, qolish, ishlash) → until.
2. Harakat bir marta bajariladi va muddat bormi? (tugatish, yuborish, kelish) → by.
3. “Faqat ... da” ma’nosimi? → not ... until.
4. until dan keyin gap kelsa → Present Simple (will emas).

Misol: “Hisobotni seshanbagacha topshiring.”

1. Topshirish — bir martalik harakat, muddat → by.

Misol: “Men bu yerda yozgacha ishlayman.”

1. Ishlash — davomiy harakat → until.

Misol: “Do‘kon faqat to‘qqizda ochiladi.”

1. “Faqat ... da” → not ... until.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: until — davom etib, ...gacha (wait until 5); by — kechikmay, ...gacha (finish by 5). not ... until — faqat ... da.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ishda

• — When do you need the presentation?— Taqdimot sizga qachon kerak?
• — By Thursday morning, please. The meeting is at ten.— Payshanba ertalabgacha, iltimos. Yig‘ilish soat o‘nda.
• — I’m afraid I’ll have to work until late tonight then.— Unda bugun kechgacha ishlashimga to‘g‘ri keladi.
• — Thank you. And please send me a draft by tomorrow evening.— Rahmat. Iltimos, qoralamasini ertaga kechqurungacha yuboring.
• — No problem. I won’t go home until it’s ready.— Muammo yo‘q. Tayyor bo‘lmaguncha uyga ketmayman.

Kutubxonada

• — How long can I keep these books?— Bu kitoblarni qancha vaqt olib tursam bo‘ladi?
• — Until the end of the month. You must return them by the 30th.— Oy oxirigacha. Ularni 30-sanagacha qaytarishingiz kerak.
• — And what time do you close?— Soat nechada yopilasiz?
• — We’re open until seven, but we don’t open on Sunday until noon.— Yettigacha ochiqmiz, lekin yakshanba kuni faqat tushda ochilamiz.

Kichik matn: “Viza olish”

Last spring I applied for a student visa. The embassy told me to send all the documents by 1 April. I worked on my application until late every night. I sent everything by the deadline, but then I had to wait. I didn’t get an answer until the end of May! The officer said, “You must arrive at the university by 1 September.” So I stayed in Tashkent until the end of August, and by the time I left, I had said goodbye to all my friends.

Matndagi by va until ni toping. Ulardan oldingi fe’llar davomiy harakatmi yoki bir martalik natijami?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Seni yettigacha kutaman. → I’ll wait for you until seven.
2. Ishni jumagacha tugating. → Finish the work by Friday.
3. Do‘kon kechki to‘qqizgacha ochiq. → The shop is open until 9 p.m.
4. Men sakkizgacha uyda bo‘lishim kerak. → I must be home by eight.
5. Film faqat soat to‘qqizda boshlanadi. → The film doesn’t start until nine.
6. Men qaytib kelgunimcha shu yerda kuting. → Wait here until I come back.
7. Biz yetib kelganimizda poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi. → By the time we arrived, the train had left.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• until / till — harakat davom etib, ma’lum vaqtgacha: wait until 5, open until 10.
• by — kechikmay, eng kech muddat (deadline): finish by Friday, be home by 8.
• Davomiy fe’l (wait, stay, work) → until; bir martalik natija (finish, send, arrive) → by.
• until + gap: Present Simple (until I come, will come emas).
• not ... until — faqat ... da: It doesn’t start until 8.
• by the time + gap → ko‘pincha Past Perfect yoki Future Perfect.