Rather than, Instead of

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ikki variantdan birini tanlab, ikkinchisini rad etganda quyidagi iboralar ishlatiladi:

• instead of — “...ning o‘rniga”: I had tea instead of coffee.
• rather than — “...dan ko‘ra”, “...ning o‘rniga”: I’d choose quality rather than quantity.
• as opposed to — “...ga qarama-qarshi o‘laroq”, “...emas”: real friends as opposed to online friends.
• in place of — “...ning o‘rnida” (almashtirish): Use honey in place of sugar.
• instead (yolg‘iz) — “o‘rniga” (gap oxirida yoki boshida).

Bu iboralar ma’nosi bo‘yicha juda yaqin, lekin grammatikasi va ohangi bilan farq qiladi. Eng muhim farq — ulardan keyin nima keladi: ot, -ing, yoki to siz fe’l.

O‘zbek tilida bu ma’nolar “...ning o‘rniga”, “...dan ko‘ra”, “...emas, balki” kabi iboralar bilan beriladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. instead of + ot va + -ing.
2. instead — yolg‘iz ravish sifatida.
3. rather than — ancha moslashuvchan.
4. rather than va instead of farqlari.
5. as opposed to — qarama-qarshi qo‘yish.
6. in place of, would rather ... than, prefer ... to.

instead of — ...ning o‘rniga

instead of — predlog, shuning uchun undan keyin ot, olmosh yoki -ing keladi (to siz fe’l emas!):

• I had tea instead of coffee.Qahva o‘rniga choy ichdim.
• Can I have rice instead of chips?Kartoshka fri o‘rniga guruch olsam bo‘ladimi?
• Let’s walk instead of taking the bus.Avtobusga o‘tirish o‘rniga piyoda yuraylik.
• Instead of complaining, try to find a solution.Shikoyat qilish o‘rniga yechim topishga harakat qil.
• She went to the party instead of me.U mening o‘rnimga ziyofatga bordi.

Diqqat: instead of go — xato! Fe’l -ing shaklida bo‘lishi shart: instead of going.

instead — yolg‘iz ravish

instead (of siz) — ravish. U odatda gap oxirida yoki boshida keladi va oldingi gapga ishora qiladi:

• I didn’t go to the cinema. I stayed at home instead.Kinoga bormadim. Buning o‘rniga uyda qoldim.
• There’s no coffee. Would you like tea instead?Qahva yo‘q. O‘rniga choy olasizmi?
• He wanted to study medicine. Instead, he became a lawyer.U tibbiyotni o‘qimoqchi edi. Buning o‘rniga advokat bo‘ldi.

instead + of = predlog (keyin ot); instead yolg‘iz = ravish (keyin hech narsa).

rather than — ...dan ko‘ra

rather than instead of ga juda yaqin, lekin ancha moslashuvchan: undan keyin ot, sifat, predlogli ibora, to siz fe’l yoki -ing kelishi mumkin. Asosiy qoida — parallellik: ikki qism bir xil grammatik shaklda bo‘lishi kerak.

• I’d prefer tea rather than coffee.Qahvadan ko‘ra choyni afzal ko‘raman. (ot — ot)
• The problem is economic rather than political.Muammo siyosiy emas, balki iqtisodiy. (sifat — sifat)
• We decided to walk rather than take a taxi.Taksiga o‘tirmasdan, piyoda yurishga qaror qildik. (to siz fe’l — to siz fe’l)
• I spent the money on books rather than on clothes.Pulni kiyimga emas, kitoblarga sarfladim. (predlogli ibora)
• Rather than waiting, we went home.Kutish o‘rniga uyga ketdik. (-ing — gap boshida)

rather than + fe’l

Asosiy gapda to + fe’l yoki modal + fe’l bo‘lsa, rather than dan keyin odatda to siz fe’l:

• I’d like to stay home rather than go out.Ko‘chaga chiqishdan ko‘ra uyda qolishni xohlayman.
• You should ask for help rather than try to do it alone.Yolg‘iz qilishga urinish o‘rniga yordam so‘rashing kerak.

Gap boshida esa ko‘pincha -ing: Rather than waiting / Rather than wait, we left. (ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri)

instead of va rather than farqlari

• He was sad rather than angry.U jahldor emas, balki xafa edi. (instead of — xato)
• I came to help rather than to criticise.Tanqid qilish uchun emas, yordam berish uchun keldim.

rather than akademik va rasmiy yozuvda juda foydali: The issue is social rather than economic.

as opposed to — qarama-qarshi qo‘yish

as opposed to — “...ga qarama-qarshi o‘laroq”, “...emas, balki”. U ikki narsa orasidagi aniq farqni ta’kidlaydi:

• I prefer real books as opposed to e-books.Elektron kitoblardan farqli o‘laroq, haqiqiy kitoblarni afzal ko‘raman.
• We need long-term solutions, as opposed to quick fixes.Bizga tez yechimlar emas, uzoq muddatli yechimlar kerak.
• The course focuses on speaking as opposed to writing.Kurs yozishga emas, gapirishga e’tibor qaratadi.
• The figure refers to adults as opposed to children.Raqam bolalarga emas, kattalarga tegishli.

as opposed to — tushunchalarni aniqlashtirish uchun: “men X ni nazarda tutyapman, Y ni emas”.

in place of — almashtirish

in place of — “...ning o‘rnida” — bir narsa boshqasining vazifasini bajaradi:

• You can use honey in place of sugar.Shakar o‘rniga asal ishlatishingiz mumkin.
• The assistant spoke in place of the manager.Menejer o‘rniga yordamchi gapirdi.
• A new building was built in place of the old school.Eski maktab o‘rnida yangi bino qurildi.

in sb’s place — “birovning o‘rnida”: If I were in your place, I would accept. — Sizning o‘rningizda bo‘lganimda, qabul qilardim.

would rather ... than, prefer ... to

Afzal ko‘rish uchun ikkita muhim tuzilma — ularda than va to ning o‘rni farq qiladi:

• I’d rather stay at home than go to the party.Ziyofatga borgandan ko‘ra uyda qolganim afzal.
• She prefers tea to coffee.U qahvadan ko‘ra choyni afzal ko‘radi.
• I prefer reading to watching TV.Televizor ko‘rishdan ko‘ra kitob o‘qishni afzal ko‘raman.
• I prefer to read rather than watch TV.Televizor ko‘rishdan ko‘ra kitob o‘qishni afzal ko‘raman.

Diqqat: prefer ... than — xato! prefer bilan — to yoki rather than.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Keyin nima keladi?
   • Ot → instead of / rather than / as opposed to / in place of.
   • -ing → instead of / rather than.
   • To siz fe’l → faqat rather than.
   • Sifat / predlogli ibora → faqat rather than.
2. Ohang? Almashtirish → instead of / in place of; afzal ko‘rish → rather than; aniq farq → as opposed to.
3. Yolg‘iz gap oxirida? → instead.

Misol: “Avtobus o‘rniga velosipedda bordim.”

1. Almashtirish, ot → instead of.

Misol: “Muammo texnik emas, balki tashkiliy.”

1. Sifat — sifat → rather than.

Misol: “Qahva yo‘q edi, shuning uchun o‘rniga choy ichdim.”

1. Yolg‘iz ravish → instead.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: instead of + ot / -ing; rather than + ot / sifat / fe’l / -ing (parallel!); as opposed to — aniq farq; instead — yolg‘iz ravish; prefer X to Y, would rather X than Y.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Restoranda

• — Can I have salad instead of chips, please?— Kartoshka fri o‘rniga salat olsam bo‘ladimi?
• — Of course. And would you like water or juice?— Albatta. Suv yoki sharbat olasizmi?
• — Water, please. I’d rather have something light than a sweet drink.— Suv, iltimos. Shirin ichimlikdan ko‘ra yengilroq narsa afzal.
• — We’ve run out of lemon. Would you like lime instead?— Limon tugab qoldi. O‘rniga laym olasizmi?
• — That’s fine.— Mayli.

Insho

• Many people believe that governments should invest in public transport rather than building new roads.Ko‘pchilik hukumatlar yangi yo‘llar qurish o‘rniga jamoat transportiga sarmoya kiritishi kerak, deb hisoblaydi.
• The problem is environmental rather than economic.Muammo iqtisodiy emas, balki ekologik.
• We need permanent solutions, as opposed to temporary measures.Bizga vaqtinchalik choralar emas, doimiy yechimlar kerak.
• Instead of blaming individuals, we should change the system.Alohida shaxslarni ayblash o‘rniga tizimni o‘zgartirishimiz kerak.

Kichik matn: “Sog‘lom hayot tarzi”

Last year I decided to change my lifestyle. Instead of driving to work, I started cycling. I chose to cook at home rather than eat in fast-food restaurants. I also began drinking green tea in place of coffee. At first it was hard — I wanted to give up and go back to my old habits. Instead, I kept going. My friends asked why I preferred walking to taking the bus. I told them I was interested in long-term health as opposed to quick results. Now I’d rather run five kilometres than sit in front of the TV all evening.

Matndagi barcha tanlov iboralarini toping. Ulardan keyin nima kelgan: ot, -ing yoki fe’l?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Qahva o‘rniga choy ichdim. → I had tea instead of coffee.
2. Avtobusga o‘tirish o‘rniga piyoda yuraylik. → Let’s walk instead of taking the bus.
3. Kinoga bormadim, o‘rniga uyda qoldim. → I didn’t go to the cinema. I stayed home instead.
4. U jahldor emas, balki xafa edi. → He was sad rather than angry.
5. Shakar o‘rniga asal ishlating. → Use honey in place of sugar.
6. Men choyni qahvadan afzal ko‘raman. → I prefer tea to coffee.
7. Taksiga o‘tirgandan ko‘ra piyoda yurganim afzal. → I’d rather walk than take a taxi.
8. Elektron kitoblardan farqli o‘laroq, oddiy kitoblar → paper books as opposed to e-books

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• instead of + ot / -ing (fe’l emas!): instead of going.
• instead (yolg‘iz) — ravish, gap oxirida yoki boshida.
• rather than — moslashuvchan: ot, sifat, predlogli ibora, to siz fe’l, -ing (parallellik!).
• as opposed to — aniq farqni ta’kidlash.
• in place of — almashtirish (honey in place of sugar).
• prefer X to Y (prefer ... than — xato); prefer to do rather than do; would rather do than do.