Must, Can’t, Might: Deduction

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ba’zan biror narsani aniq bilmaymiz, lekin dalillarga qarab xulosa qilamiz: “U charchagan bo‘lsa kerak”, “Bu rost bo‘lishi mumkin emas”. Inglizchada buning uchun modal fe’llar ishlatiladi:

• must — deyarli aniq, “...bo‘lsa kerak”: He must be tired. (90% ishonch)
• might / may / could — ehtimol, “...bo‘lishi mumkin”: He might be at home. (50%)
• can’t — mumkin emas, “...bo‘lishi mumkin emas”: It can’t be true. (90% ishonch, inkor)

• You’ve worked all day. You must be exhausted.Kun bo‘yi ishlading. Juda charchagan bo‘lsang kerak.
• Someone’s at the door. It might be the postman.Kimdir eshikda. Pochtachi bo‘lishi mumkin.
• That can’t be Ali. He’s in London.Bu Ali bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U Londonda.
• She’s not answering. She may be asleep.U javob bermayapti. Uxlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. must — kuchli ijobiy xulosa.
2. can’t — kuchli salbiy xulosa.
3. might, may, could — ehtimol.
4. Nega mustn’t xulosa uchun ishlatilmaydi.
5. Davomli shakl: must be doing.
6. Ishonch darajasi shkalasi.

must — deyarli aniq

must bu yerda majburiyat emas, balki mantiqiy xulosa:

• The lights are off. They must be out.Chiroqlar o‘chiq. Ular uyda yo‘q bo‘lsa kerak.
• He speaks five languages. He must be very clever.U besh tilda gapiradi. Juda aqlli bo‘lsa kerak.
• You must know Malika — she lives on your street.Malikani bilsangiz kerak — sizning ko‘changizda yashaydi.

can’t — mumkin emas

must ning inkori xulosa ma’nosida — can’t (mustn’t emas!):

• That can’t be right. Check again.Bu to‘g‘ri bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Qayta tekshiring.
• She can’t be 40! She looks 25.U 40 yoshda bo‘lishi mumkin emas! 25 ga o‘xshaydi.
• You can’t be serious!Jiddiy emasdirsiz!

couldn’t ham shu ma’noda: It couldn’t be him.

might, may, could — ehtimol

Uchalasi ham “...bo‘lishi mumkin”, deyarli bir xil ma’noda:

• Take an umbrella. It might rain.Soyabon ol. Yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin.
• I’m not sure where he is. He may be at work.Qayerdaligini aniq bilmayman. Ishda bo‘lishi mumkin.
• The answer could be B.Javob B bo‘lishi mumkin.

Inkor: might not / may not — “...bo‘lmasligi mumkin”: She might not come. (couldn’t emas — u “mumkin emas” degani!)

Davomli shakl

Hozir jarayonda bo‘lgan ish haqida xulosa — modal + be + -ing:

• He’s not answering. He must be sleeping.U javob bermayapti. Uxlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• They might be having dinner.Ular kechki ovqat qilayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• You can’t be working — it’s Sunday!Ishlayotgan bo‘lishing mumkin emas — bugun yakshanba!

Ishonch shkalasi

O‘tmish haqida taxmin: must have, can’t have

O‘tmishdagi voqealar haqida taxmin qilish uchun modal + have + V3:

• The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.Yer ho‘l. Kecha kechasi yomg‘ir yoqqan bo‘lsa kerak.
• She’s not here. She might have gone home.U bu yerda yo‘q. Uyiga ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• He can’t have seen me — he was asleep.U meni ko‘rgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas — uxlayotgan edi.
• I must have left my keys at work.Kalitlarimni ishxonada qoldirgan bo‘lsam kerak.

Batafsil — B2 darajasidagi “Perfect Modals” darsida.

Dalillar bilan taxmin qilish

Taxmin odatda dalilga asoslanadi. Gapda dalilni ham aytish tabiiy:

• The lights are on, so they must be at home.Chiroqlar yoniq, demak ular uyda bo‘lsa kerak.
• He’s wearing a uniform. He might be a pilot.U forma kiygan. Uchuvchi bo‘lishi mumkin.
• She’s only 16. She can’t be a teacher.U atigi 16 yoshda. O‘qituvchi bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
• He’s yawning. He must be tired.U esnayapti. Charchagan bo‘lsa kerak.

must — majburiyat va taxmin

must ikki xil ma’noga ega — kontekstga qarang:

• You must be hungry after the trip.Safardan keyin qorningiz och bo‘lsa kerak. (taxmin)
• You must finish this today.Buni bugun tugatishingiz shart. (majburiyat)

Diqqat: taxminning inkori mustn’t emas, can’t: He can’t be at home (He mustn’t be at home — xato, bu taqiq ma’nosi).

So‘zlashuvda boshqa vositalar

• I bet he’s at home.Garov o‘ynayman, u uyda. (ishonch)
• Maybe he’s ill. / Perhaps he’s ill.Balki u kasaldir.
• He’s probably stuck in traffic.U ehtimol tirbandlikda qolgan.
• I doubt he’ll come.Uning kelishiga shubha qilaman.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Dalillar qanchalik kuchli? Kuchli → must / can’t. Kuchsiz → might / may / could.
2. Ijobiy yoki salbiy? Ijobiy → must. Salbiy → can’t.
3. modal + fe’lning asosiy shakli (yoki be + -ing).

Misol: “U 10 soat ishladi. Och bo‘lsa kerak.”

1. Kuchli dalil, ijobiy → must.

Misol: “Bu mening telefonim bo‘lishi mumkin emas — meniki qora.”

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: must — deyarli aniq ha. can’t — deyarli aniq yo‘q (mustn’t emas!). might / may / could — ehtimol.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi?

• — Someone called you three times.— Senga kimdir uch marta qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• — It might be my boss. Or it could be my mum.— Boshlig‘im bo‘lishi mumkin. Yoki onam.
• — It was a man’s voice.— Erkak ovozi edi.
• — Then it can’t be my mum! It must be my boss.— Unda onam bo‘lishi mumkin emas! Boshlig‘im bo‘lsa kerak.
• — He sounded worried.— U xavotirda edi.
• — Oh no, there must be a problem at work!— Voy, ishda muammo bo‘lsa kerak!

Ofisda

• — Where’s Aziz? He’s usually here by nine.— Aziz qayerda? U odatda to‘qqizgacha shu yerda bo‘ladi.
• — He might be ill. He was coughing yesterday.— Kasal bo‘lishi mumkin. Kecha yo‘talayotgan edi.
• — Or he could be stuck in traffic.— Yoki tirbandlikda qolgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• — Look, his coat is on the chair. He must be in the building.— Qara, paltosi stulda. U binoda bo‘lsa kerak.
• — You’re right. He must have gone to the meeting room.— To‘g‘ri aytasan. U yig‘ilish xonasiga ketgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• — He can’t have gone far without his coat!— U paltosiz uzoqqa ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas!

Kichik matn: “Sirli qo‘shni”

A new neighbour moved in next door last month. We’ve never seen him, but we have some ideas. He must be rich — he drives a very expensive car. He might be a musician, because we sometimes hear piano music at night. He can’t be married — only one person ever goes in and out. My mum thinks he could be a writer. Yesterday a big box arrived for him. It must have been heavy, because two men carried it. I might knock on his door tomorrow and say hello!

Matndagi taxmin modallarini toping va ularni ishonch darajasiga qarab tartiblang.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. She’s been travelling for 20 hours. She ___ be tired. → must
2. That ___ be Aziz. He’s in Japan this month. → can’t
3. I don’t know where my keys are. They ___ be in the car. → might / may / could
4. The phone is ringing but nobody answers. They ___ ___ sleeping. → must be
5. Tuzating: He mustn’t be hungry — he just ate. → He can’t be hungry.
6. Kecha yomg‘ir yoqqan bo‘lsa kerak. → It must have rained last night.
7. U uyda bo‘lishi mumkin emas. → He can’t be at home.
8. U meni ko‘rgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. → He can’t have seen me.
9. Siz charchagan bo‘lsangiz kerak. → You must be tired.

Qisqa xulosa

• must — kuchli ijobiy xulosa: He must be tired.
• can’t / couldn’t — kuchli salbiy xulosa: It can’t be true. (mustn’t — xato!)
• might / may / could — ehtimol: She might be at home.
• Ehtimol inkori: might not / may not.
• Jarayon: must / might / can’t + be + -ing.
• Modaldan keyin to yo‘q, -s yo‘q.