Nouns: Countable or Uncountable Meaning
Ma’nosiga qarab sanaladigan otlar
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Ko‘p otlar faqat bitta turga kiradi: a chair doim sanaladi, advice doim sanalmaydi. Lekin ingliz tilida ikki xil ishlaydigan otlar ham ko‘p: bir ma’noda sanaladi, boshqa ma’noda sanalmaydi. Va ma’no o‘zgarishi juda katta bo‘lishi mumkin:
I need some paper. — Menga qog‘oz kerak. (material — sanalmaydi) I bought a paper. — Gazeta sotib oldim. (gazeta — sanaladi)
The window is made of glass. — Deraza shishadan qilingan. (material) Can I have a glass of water? — Bir stakan suv bersangiz? (idish)
Umumiy qonuniyat shunday:
- Sanalmaydigan shakl — material, modda yoki umumiy tushuncha: paper, glass, time, experience.
- Sanaladigan shakl — aniq narsa, bitta holat yoki tur: a paper (gazeta), a glass (stakan), a time (marta), an experience (voqea).
O‘zbekchada ko‘pincha bu ikki ma’no turli so‘zlar bilan beriladi: shisha va stakan, qog‘oz va gazeta, tajriba va voqea. Shuning uchun bu farqni bilish tarjimada juda muhim.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Material va undan yasalgan narsa: paper, glass, iron, wood.
- Umumiy tushuncha va bitta holat: experience, time, noise, light.
- work, room, business — har xil ma’nolar.
- Ovqat va ichimliklar: a coffee, two teas, a cake.
- hair, chicken, fish — butun yoki qism.
- a + sifat + sanalmaydigan ot: a good education, a knowledge of.
Material va undan yasalgan narsa
| Sanalmaydigan (material) | Sanaladigan (narsa) |
|---|---|
| paper — qog‘oz | a paper — gazeta; ilmiy maqola; imtihon varaqasi |
| glass — shisha | a glass — stakan; glasses — ko‘zoynak |
| iron — temir | an iron — dazmol |
| wood — yog‘och | a wood — kichik o‘rmon |
| stone — tosh (material) | a stone — bitta tosh |
| rubber — rezina | a rubber — o‘chirg‘ich (BrE) |
| light — yorug‘lik | a light — chiroq |
- I need some paper to write on.Yozish uchun qog‘oz kerak.
- Did you read the paper this morning?Bugun ertalab gazetani o‘qidingmi?
- She wrote a paper on climate change.U iqlim o‘zgarishi haqida maqola yozdi.
- This bottle is made of glass.Bu shisha idish shishadan qilingan.
- I wear glasses for reading.O‘qish uchun ko‘zoynak taqaman.
- Can you turn on the light?Chiroqni yoqib yubora olasanmi?
- There isn’t enough light in this room.Bu xonada yorug‘lik yetarli emas.
- The table is made of wood.Stol yog‘ochdan yasalgan.
- We went for a walk in a wood near the village.Qishloq yaqinidagi kichik o‘rmonda sayr qildik.
Umumiy tushuncha va bitta holat
| Sanalmaydigan (umumiy) | Sanaladigan (bitta holat) |
|---|---|
| experience — tajriba (bilim, ko‘nikma) | an experience — voqea, kechinma |
| time — vaqt | a time — marta; davr |
| noise — shovqin (umuman) | a noise — bitta tovush |
| life — hayot (umuman) | a life — bitta odamning hayoti |
| success — muvaffaqiyat | a success — muvaffaqiyatli narsa / odam |
| fear — qo‘rquv | a fear — aniq qo‘rquv (fobiya) |
| space — makon, joy | a space — bo‘sh joy (bitta) |
experience
- Do you have any experience of teaching?Dars berish tajribangiz bormi?
- I don’t have much experience.Tajribam ko‘p emas.
- Travelling alone was an amazing experience.Yolg‘iz sayohat qilish ajoyib voqea (kechinma) bo‘ldi.
- I had some strange experiences in that house.O‘sha uyda men bilan g‘alati voqealar bo‘lgan.
time
- I don’t have time to talk now.Hozir gaplashishga vaqtim yo‘q.
- I’ve been to Paris three times.Parijda uch marta bo‘lganman.
- We had a great time at the party.Ziyofatda ajoyib vaqt o‘tkazdik.
- In those times, people didn’t have phones.O‘sha davrlarda odamlarda telefon yo‘q edi.
Diqqat: I don’t have a time — xato (vaqt ma’nosida). Have a good time! — to‘g‘ri (vaqtni yaxshi o‘tkaz).
noise
- Please don’t make so much noise.Iltimos, bunchalik shovqin qilmang.
- I heard a strange noise in the kitchen.Oshxonada g‘alati tovush eshitdim.
work, room, business
| So‘z | Sanalmaydigan | Sanaladigan |
|---|---|---|
| work | ish (faoliyat): I have a lot of work. | asar: a work of art; works — zavod |
| room | joy, bo‘sh joy: Is there room for me? | xona: a room with a view |
| business | biznes, savdo: Business is good. | kompaniya: She runs a business. |
| language | til (umuman): the power of language | bitta til: She speaks three languages. |
- I can’t come — I have too much work.Kela olmayman — ishim juda ko‘p.
- The Mona Lisa is a famous work of art.Mona Liza — mashhur san’at asari.
- Is there room for one more person in the car?Mashinada yana bir kishiga joy bormi?
- I’d like to book a room for two nights.Ikki kecha uchun xona band qilmoqchiman.
- My father has his own business.Otamning o‘z biznesi (kompaniyasi) bor.
- Business is difficult during a crisis.Inqiroz paytida biznes qilish qiyin.
Diqqat: I found a work — xato. Ish joyi ma’nosida sanaladigan so‘z — a job: I found a job.
Ovqat va ichimliklar
Ichimliklar odatda sanalmaydi, lekin restoranda yoki kafeda bir porsiya haqida gapirganda sanaladi:
- I don’t drink coffee.Men qahva ichmayman. (umuman)
- Can I have two coffees, please?Ikkita qahva bering, iltimos. (ikki chashka)
- Tea is very popular in Uzbekistan.O‘zbekistonda choy juda mashhur.
- We ordered three teas and a juice.Uchta choy va bitta sharbat buyurtma qildik.
Xuddi shunday, ba’zi ovqatlar butun holda sanaladi, qism sifatida sanalmaydi:
| Sanaladigan (butun) | Sanalmaydigan (qism, ovqat) |
|---|---|
| a cake — bitta tort | some cake — bir bo‘lak tort |
| a chicken — bitta tovuq (hayvon) | some chicken — tovuq go‘shti |
| a fish — bitta baliq | some fish — baliq (ovqat) |
| a lamb — qo‘zichoq | lamb — qo‘y go‘shti |
| an egg — bitta tuxum | egg — tuxum (ovqatda): egg on your shirt |
- My grandmother keeps chickens in the garden.Buvim bog‘da tovuq boqadi.
- Would you like some chicken?Tovuq go‘shtidan olasizmi?
- She baked a cake for my birthday.U tug‘ilgan kunimga tort pishirdi.
- Would you like some more cake?Yana tort olasizmi?
hair
hair — eng ko‘p xato qilinadigan so‘zlardan biri:
- She has long, beautiful hair.Uning uzun, chiroyli sochi bor. (umuman — sanalmaydi)
- There’s a hair in my soup!Sho‘rvamda bitta soch tolasi bor! (bitta tola — sanaladi)
- I found two grey hairs this morning.Bugun ertalab ikkita oq soch topdim.
She has long hairs — xato, agar umuman soch haqida gapirilsa.
a + sifat + sanalmaydigan ot
Ba’zi sanalmaydigan otlar sifat bilan kelganda a / an olishi mumkin. Bu ko‘pincha ta’lim, bilim, his-tuyg‘u haqidagi otlar:
- She had a good education.U yaxshi ta’lim olgan.
- He has a deep knowledge of history.U tarixni chuqur biladi.
- There was a strange silence in the room.Xonada g‘alati sukunat hukm surardi.
- I have a great love of music.Musiqaga katta muhabbatim bor.
- She speaks with a strong accent.U kuchli talaffuz bilan gapiradi.
Lekin bu barcha sanalmaydigan otlarga tegishli emas: a good advice, a useful information — baribir xato.
Bosqichma-bosqich
- Ot material yoki umumiy tushunchami? → sanalmaydigan: paper, glass, time, experience.
- Aniq narsa, bitta holat yoki marta haqidami? → sanaladigan: a paper, a glass, three times, an experience.
- Ichimlik buyurtma qilyapsizmi? → sanaladigan: two coffees.
- Ovqat — butun yoki qism? Butun — sanaladi (a chicken), qism — sanalmaydi (some chicken).
Misol: “Ishga kirish uchun tajriba kerak.”
- Umumiy ko‘nikma → sanalmaydi.
Misol: “Bu mening hayotimdagi eng yaxshi voqea edi.”
- Bitta kechinma → sanaladi.
Misol: “Ikkita stakan va bir oz qog‘oz olib kel.”
- stakan — narsa → two glasses; qog‘oz — material → some paper.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ I don’t have a time.
✓ I don’t have time.
Vaqt ma’nosida sanalmaydi.
✗ I’ve been there three time.
✓ I’ve been there three times.
Marta — sanaladi.
✗ She has long hairs.
✓ She has long hair.
Umuman soch — sanalmaydi.
✗ I have many experiences in teaching.
✓ I have a lot of experience in teaching.
Ko‘nikma — sanalmaydi.
✗ I found a work in a bank.
✓ I found a job in a bank.
Ish joyi — a job.
✗ Can I have a paper to write on?
✓ Can I have a piece of paper / some paper?
Material — sanalmaydi.
✗ There’s no place in the car.
✓ There’s no room in the car.
Bo‘sh joy — room.
✗ Would you like a chicken? (ovqat)
✓ Would you like some chicken?
Go‘sht — sanalmaydi.
✗ He gave me a good advice.
✓ He gave me some good advice.
advice baribir sanalmaydi.
✗ I need a glass for the window.
✓ I need some glass for the window.
Material — sanalmaydi.
Eslab qoling: paper / a paper, glass / a glass, time / a time, experience / an experience, hair / a hair, room / a room, work / a job.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Ish suhbatida
- — Do you have any experience in marketing?— Marketing sohasida tajribangiz bormi?
- — Yes, three years. Working in London was a great experience.— Ha, uch yil. Londonda ishlash ajoyib tajriba (voqea) bo‘ldi.
- — How many times have you changed jobs?— Necha marta ish almashtirgansiz?
- — Only twice. I don’t like changing jobs too often.— Faqat ikki marta. Ishni tez-tez almashtirishni yoqtirmayman.
- — Do you have time to start next week?— Kelasi haftadan boshlashga vaqtingiz bormi?
Kafeda
- — Hi, can we have two coffees and a tea, please?— Salom, ikkita qahva va bitta choy bering, iltimos.
- — Of course. Would you like some cake with that?— Albatta. Ular bilan tort ham olasizmi?
- — Yes, a piece of chocolate cake. Oh, and is there room by the window?— Ha, bir bo‘lak shokoladli tort. Yana, deraza yonida joy bormi?
- — Sorry, all the tables are taken.— Kechirasiz, hamma stollar band.
Kichik matn: “Qishloqdagi yoz”
Last summer I spent a month at my grandparents’ house in the village. It was an unforgettable experience. Every morning my grandmother fed the chickens and collected eggs. We ate chicken and fresh vegetables every day. There was no internet, so I had a lot of free time. I read the paper that arrived once a week and wrote letters on old paper I found in the cupboard. In the evenings we sat outside and drank tea — I think I drank about ten teas a day! I’ve been back three times since then.
Matndagi har bir otni toping va u qaysi ma’noda — sanaladigan yoki sanalmaydigan — ishlatilganini aniqlang.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- Menga qog‘oz kerak. → I need some paper.
- Gazetani o‘qidingmi? → Have you read the paper?
- U yerda uch marta bo‘lganman. → I’ve been there three times.
- Uning tajribasi ko‘p. → He has a lot of experience.
- Bu ajoyib voqea bo‘ldi. → It was an amazing experience.
- Sho‘rvamda soch bor! → There’s a hair in my soup!
- Ikkita qahva bering. → Two coffees, please.
- Mashinada joy yo‘q. → There’s no room in the car.
Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.
Qisqa xulosa
- Ba’zi otlar ma’nosiga qarab sanaladi yoki sanalmaydi.
- Material / umumiy — sanalmaydi; aniq narsa / bitta holat — sanaladi.
- paper (qog‘oz) / a paper (gazeta, maqola); glass (shisha) / a glass (stakan).
- time (vaqt) / a time (marta); experience (tajriba) / an experience (voqea).
- room (joy) / a room (xona); work (ish) / a job (ish joyi).
- Ichimliklar buyurtmada sanaladi: two coffees; ovqat qism sifatida sanalmaydi: some chicken.
- hair — umuman sanalmaydi, a hair — bitta tola.