Parallel Structure

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Parallel tuzilma (parallelism) — gapdagi bir xil vazifali qismlarni bir xil grammatik shaklda yozish qoidasi. Agar siz ikki yoki undan ortiq narsani sanab o‘tsangiz yoki solishtirsangiz, ular bir xil shaklda bo‘lishi kerak:

I like swimming, running and to cycle. — Xato (ikkita -ing, bittasi to + fe’l). I like swimming, running and cycling. — To‘g‘ri (hammasi -ing).

Parallel tuzilma gapni aniq, ravon va chiroyli qiladi. U ayniqsa rasmiy yozuvda — insho, hisobot, CV, IELTS Writing — juda muhim. Imtihonchilar bu xatoni darhol sezadi.

O‘zbek tilida ham bu qoida bor (o‘qish, yozish va gapirish — hammasi bir xil shakl), lekin ingliz tilida u ancha qat’iy, ayniqsa juft bog‘lovchilar bilan: not only ... but also, both ... and, either ... or.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Ro‘yxatlarda parallel tuzilma.
2. not only ... but also — to‘g‘ri joylashtirish.
3. both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor.
4. Qiyoslarda: than, as, rather than.
5. Predlog, artikl va to ni takrorlash.
6. Tahrir qilish: eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolarni topish.

Ro‘yxatlarda

Uch yoki undan ortiq narsani sanaganda barchasi bir xil shaklda bo‘lishi kerak:

• My hobbies are reading, cooking and gardening.Mening sevimli mashg‘ulotlarim — o‘qish, ovqat pishirish va bog‘dorchilik.
• She is intelligent, hard-working and reliable.U aqlli, mehnatkash va ishonchli.
• The course will help you speak confidently, write clearly and think critically.Kurs sizga ishonch bilan gapirish, aniq yozish va tanqidiy fikrlashga yordam beradi.
• We need more teachers, better schools and modern equipment.Bizga ko‘proq o‘qituvchilar, yaxshiroq maktablar va zamonaviy jihozlar kerak.

Gaplar ro‘yxati

To‘liq gaplar ham parallel bo‘lishi mumkin:

• She came, she saw, and she conquered.U keldi, ko‘rdi va g‘alaba qozondi.
• Tell me what you did, where you went and who you met.Nima qilganingni, qayerga borganingni va kim bilan uchrashganingni ayt.

not only ... but also

Bu juft bog‘lovchi — parallel xatolarning eng ko‘p uchraydigan manbai. Qoida: not only va but also dan keyin bir xil turdagi so‘z kelishi kerak.

• He is not only a doctor but also a writer.U nafaqat shifokor, balki yozuvchi hamdir.
• The plan is not only cheap but also effective.Reja nafaqat arzon, balki samarali hamdir.
• She not only sings but also plays the guitar.U nafaqat kuylaydi, balki gitara ham chaladi.
• Not only did he lose his job, but he also lost his house.U nafaqat ishini, balki uyini ham yo‘qotdi. (inversiya)

Oxirgi misolda not only gap boshida — bu holda inversiya (did he lose) kerak. Batafsil — “Inversiya” darsida.

both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor

Barcha juft bog‘lovchilarda xuddi shu qoida: ikki qism bir xil shaklda.

• The film was both funny and moving.Film ham kulgili, ham ta’sirli edi.
• We can either take the bus or walk.Yo avtobusga o‘tiramiz, yo piyoda boramiz.
• He neither called nor wrote.U na qo‘ng‘iroq qildi, na yozdi.
• Neither my brother nor my sister lives here.Na akam, na singlim bu yerda yashaydi.

Diqqat: juft bog‘lovchining birinchi qismi to‘g‘ri joyda turishi kerak: I either will go or stay — xato; I will either go or stay — to‘g‘ri (ikkalasi ham fe’ldan oldin).

Qiyoslarda: than, as, rather than

Solishtirilayotgan ikki narsa ham bir xil shaklda bo‘lishi kerak:

• Speaking a language is harder than reading it.Tilda gapirish uni o‘qishdan qiyinroq.
• I’d rather walk than take a taxi.Taksiga o‘tirgandan ko‘ra piyoda yurgan afzal.
• She enjoys teaching as much as learning.U o‘rgatishni o‘rganish kabi yaxshi ko‘radi.
• The climate of Tashkent is drier than that of London.Toshkent iqlimi London iqlimidan quruqroq.

Oxirgi misolga qarang: the climate of Tashkent — the climate of London bilan solishtirilyapti, shuning uchun that of kerak. drier than London — mantiqiy xato (iqlim shahar bilan solishtirilmaydi).

Predlog, artikl va to ni takrorlash

Parallel qismlarda predlog, artikl yoki to ni yoki faqat birinchisida, yoki hammasida qo‘yish kerak — aralashtirmang:

• I want to travel, learn and grow.Sayohat qilish, o‘rganish va o‘sishni xohlayman.
• I want to travel, to learn and to grow.(urg‘u bilan)
• She bought a pen, a notebook and an eraser.U ruchka, daftar va o‘chirg‘ich sotib oldi.

Ma’no aniqligi uchun ba’zan takrorlash zarur: I spoke to the manager and to the director (ikki boshqa odam) vs I spoke to the manager and director (bitta odam bo‘lishi mumkin).

Tahrir qilish

Matnni tekshirganda quyidagi joylarga e’tibor bering:

CV’da parallel tuzilma

• Responsibilities: managing a team of five, preparing reports and organising events.Vazifalar: besh kishilik jamoani boshqarish, hisobotlar tayyorlash va tadbirlar tashkil etish.
• Achievements: Increased sales by 20%, reduced costs and launched a new product.Yutuqlar: savdoni 20% ga oshirdi, xarajatlarni kamaytirdi va yangi mahsulot chiqardi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Gapda ro‘yxat, juft bog‘lovchi yoki qiyos bormi?
2. Parallel qismlarni ajrating: and / or / but also / nor / than dan oldin va keyin nima bor?
3. Shakllarni solishtiring: ot — ot? -ing — -ing? to + fe’l — to + fe’l? sifat — sifat?
4. Mos kelmasa — bittasini o‘zgartiring.
5. Juft bog‘lovchining birinchi qismini to‘g‘ri joyga qo‘ying.

Misol: “He likes hiking, to fish and camping.”

1. Ro‘yxat: hiking (-ing), to fish (to + fe’l), camping (-ing).
2. Mos kelmaydi → fishing.

Misol: “She not only plays tennis but also football.”

1. not only fe’l oldida (plays), but also ot oldida (football) — mos emas.
2. not only ni otdan oldin qo‘yamiz.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: and / or / but also / nor / than dan oldin va keyin — bir xil grammatik shakl. Juft bog‘lovchining birinchi qismi ikkinchisi bilan bir xil turdagi so‘zdan oldin.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ish suhbatida

• — Tell me about your strengths.— Kuchli tomonlaringiz haqida gapirib bering.
• — I’m organised, reliable and creative.— Men tartibli, ishonchli va ijodkorman.
• — What did you do in your last job?— Oxirgi ishingizda nima qilgansiz?
• — I was responsible for training new staff, managing the budget and dealing with clients.— Yangi xodimlarni o‘qitish, byudjetni boshqarish va mijozlar bilan ishlash uchun mas’ul edim.
• — Why do you want to work here?— Nega bu yerda ishlamoqchisiz?
• — Because your company is not only successful but also innovative.— Chunki kompaniyangiz nafaqat muvaffaqiyatli, balki innovatsiondir.

IELTS inshosidan parcha

• Technology has made our lives easier, faster and more convenient.Texnologiya hayotimizni osonroq, tezroq va qulayroq qildi.
• However, it has not only created new jobs but also destroyed many traditional ones.Biroq u nafaqat yangi ish o‘rinlari yaratdi, balki ko‘plab an’anaviy ish o‘rinlarini ham yo‘q qildi.
• Governments should either invest in retraining or provide financial support.Hukumatlar yo qayta tayyorlashga sarmoya kiritishi, yo moliyaviy yordam ko‘rsatishi kerak.

Kichik matn: “Ideal o‘qituvchi”

In my opinion, a good teacher should be patient, knowledgeable and enthusiastic. They should not only explain the material clearly but also inspire students to learn more. My favourite teacher was both strict and kind. She taught us how to think critically, to ask questions and to work together. She neither shouted at us nor made us feel stupid. For her, teaching was more important than earning money. I hope to become as dedicated and as inspiring as she was.

Matndagi barcha parallel tuzilmalarni toping. Ularning har birida qanday grammatik shakl takrorlangan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

Xatoni toping va tuzating:

1. She enjoys cooking, reading and to paint. → She enjoys cooking, reading and painting.
2. He is not only a singer but also writes songs. → He is not only a singer but also a songwriter. / He not only sings but also writes songs.
3. The job is both interesting and pays well. → The job is both interesting and well-paid.
4. I prefer walking to drive. → I prefer walking to driving.
5. You can either stay here or going home. → You can either stay here or go home.
6. She is intelligent, hard-working and has honesty. → She is intelligent, hard-working and honest.
7. I neither like tea nor coffee. → I like neither tea nor coffee.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Parallel tuzilma — bir xil vazifali qismlar bir xil shaklda: ot — ot, -ing — -ing, to + fe’l — to + fe’l.
• Ro‘yxatlar: reading, writing and speaking.
• not only X but also Y — X va Y bir xil turdagi so‘z.
• both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor — birinchi qism to‘g‘ri joyda.
• Qiyoslar: prefer swimming to running; the climate of A than that of B.
• Predlog / artikl / to — yo faqat birinchisida, yo hammasida.
• CV va rasmiy yozuvda ayniqsa muhim.