Infinitive of Purpose

Oddiy qilib aytganda

“Nima uchun?” degan savolga javob berishning eng oddiy usuli — to + fe’l. O‘zbekchada bu “...ish uchun”, “...gani”:

I went to the shop to buy bread. — Non olish uchun (olgani) do‘konga bordim.

Bu infinitive of purpose (maqsad infinitivi) deyiladi.

• I came here to learn English.Ingliz tilini o‘rganish uchun keldim.
• She went to the pharmacy to buy some medicine.U dori olish uchun dorixonaga bordi.
• We’re saving money to buy a house.Uy sotib olish uchun pul yig‘yapmiz.
• — Why are you calling? — To say happy birthday!— Nega qo‘ng‘iroq qilyapsiz? — Tug‘ilgan kuningiz bilan tabriklash uchun!

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. to + fe’l — maqsad.
2. Why? savoliga qisqa javob.
3. for + ot — maqsad (ot bilan).
4. for + -ing — narsaning vazifasi.
5. Inkor maqsad: so as not to / in order not to.
6. Ko‘p uchraydigan xato: for to buy.

to + fe’l

Maqsad haqida gapirganda — to + fe’lning asosiy shakli:

• I got up early to catch the train.Poyezdga ulgurish uchun erta turdim.
• He’s working hard to pass the exam.U imtihondan o‘tish uchun qattiq ishlayapti.
• I use my phone to take photos.Rasm olish uchun telefonimdan foydalanaman.
• They moved to Tashkent to find work.Ular ish topish uchun Toshkentga ko‘chishdi.

Why? ga qisqa javob

So‘zlashuvda Why? savoliga to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri To + fe’l bilan javob berish mumkin:

• — Why are you learning Korean? — To work in Seoul.— Nega koreys tilini o‘rganyapsiz? — Seulda ishlash uchun.
• — Why did you go to the bank? — To open an account.— Nega bankka bordingiz? — Hisob ochish uchun.

for + ot

Maqsad ot bo‘lsa — for:

• Let’s go out for dinner.Kechki ovqatga chiqaylik.
• I’m going to the gym for a workout.Mashg‘ulot uchun sport zaliga boryapman.

for + -ing: narsaning vazifasi

Biror narsa nima uchun ishlatilishini aytganda — for + -ing:

• A knife is for cutting.Pichoq kesish uchun.
• This button is for turning it on.Bu tugma uni yoqish uchun.
• What is this machine for?Bu mashina nima uchun?

Diqqat: odamning maqsadi haqida for + -ing ishlatilmaydi:

Rasmiyroq: in order to / so as to

in order to va so as to — to ning rasmiyroq shakli. Inkor maqsad uchun ular zarur:

We left early not to be late — kamroq tabiiy. B1 darsida batafsil.

Inkor maqsad: so as not to

Inkor maqsadni aytish uchun not to emas, so as not to yoki in order not to ishlatiladi:

• We whispered so as not to wake the baby.Chaqaloqni uyg‘otmaslik uchun pichirlab gapirdik.
• I wrote it down in order not to forget.Unutmaslik uchun yozib qo‘ydim.
• Drive slowly so as not to have an accident.Avariyaga uchramaslik uchun sekin haydang.

so that + gap

Maqsadda boshqa ega bo‘lsa yoki can / could kerak bo‘lsa, so that + gap ishlatiladi:

• I’ll give you my number so that you can call me.Menga qo‘ng‘iroq qila olishing uchun raqamimni beraman.
• She spoke loudly so that everyone could hear.Hamma eshitsin deb u baland gapirdi.
• I’m saving money so that I can buy a car.Mashina sotib olishim uchun pul yig‘yapman.

Batafsil — B1 darajasidagi “Maqsad gaplari” darsida.

Ot + to + fe’l: something to eat

to + fe’l otdan keyin ham kelib, uning vazifasini bildiradi:

• I need something to eat.Menga yeyishga biror narsa kerak.
• Do you have anything to drink?Ichishga biror narsa bormi?
• There’s nothing to do here.Bu yerda qiladigan ish yo‘q.
• I have a lot of work to do.Qiladigan ishim ko‘p.
• She needs a place to stay.Unga turadigan joy kerak.
• Give me a pen to write with.Menga yozadigan ruchka ber.

Joyga borish va maqsad

Joyga nima uchun borganingizni aytganda ko‘pincha to + fe’l:

• I went to the post office to send a parcel.Posilka yuborish uchun pochtaga bordim.
• She called to ask about the job.U ish haqida so‘rash uchun qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• We stopped to buy some water.Suv sotib olish uchun to‘xtadik.
• I came here to learn, not to talk.Men bu yerga gaplashish uchun emas, o‘rganish uchun keldim.

come / go and + fe’l — so‘zlashuvda to o‘rniga: Come and see me tomorrow. = Come to see me tomorrow.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Gapda “...ish uchun / ...gani” bormi? → maqsad.
2. Maqsad fe’lmi? → to + fe’l.
3. Maqsad otmi? → for + ot.
4. Narsaning vazifasimi? → for + -ing.

Misol: “Men ingliz kitoblarini o‘qish uchun lug‘at sotib oldim.”

1. Maqsad: o‘qish (fe’l) → to read.

Misol: “Bu qoshiq shakar uchun.”

1. Narsaning vazifasi → for + ot.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: odamning maqsadi — to + fe’l. Maqsad ot — for + ot. Narsaning vazifasi — for + -ing. for to — doim xato!

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Nega ingliz tili?

• — Why are you learning English?— Nega ingliz tilini o‘rganyapsan?
• — To study abroad. I want to go to the UK to do a master’s degree.— Chet elda o‘qish uchun. Magistraturani o‘qish uchun Britaniyaga bormoqchiman.
• — Do you take classes?— Darsga borasanmi?
• — Yes, and I watch films in English to improve my listening.— Ha, va eshitib tushunishni yaxshilash uchun inglizcha film ko‘raman.
• — And you use apps?— Ilovalardan foydalanasanmi?
• — Yes, this app is great for learning new words.— Ha, bu ilova yangi so‘z o‘rganish uchun zo‘r.

Sayohatda

• — Why are we stopping?— Nega to‘xtayapmiz?
• — To get some petrol. And I need something to drink.— Benzin olish uchun. Yana menga ichadigan biror narsa kerak.
• — OK. Let’s buy some snacks too, so that we don’t get hungry later.— Xo‘p. Keyin qorinimiz ochmasligi uchun biroz gazak ham olaylik.
• — Good idea. And let’s drive carefully so as not to get a ticket.— Yaxshi fikr. Jarima olmaslik uchun ehtiyot bo‘lib haydaylik.
• — Is there a hotel to stay in tonight?— Bugun kechasi tunaydigan mehmonxona bormi?
• — Yes, I booked one to be safe.— Ha, xotirjam bo‘lish uchun bittasini band qildim.

Kichik matn: “Nega men ertalab yuguraman”

Every morning I get up at six to go running. I run to stay healthy and to clear my head before work. I wear bright clothes so that drivers can see me. I always take a bottle of water to drink after my run. I go to bed early so as not to feel tired in the morning. My friend asked me, “Why do you do this?” I said, “To feel good!” Now he joins me twice a week to keep fit too.

Matnda maqsadni bildiruvchi barcha iboralarni toping: to, so that, so as not to.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I went to the post office ___ ___ (send) a letter. → to send
2. We stopped ___ coffee. (ot) → for
3. Scissors are ___ ___ (cut) paper. → for cutting
4. — Why did you call? — ___ ___ (ask) a question. → To ask
5. Tuzating: I came here for to study. → I came here to study.
6. Chaqaloqni uyg‘otmaslik uchun sekin gapirdik. → We spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.
7. Menga yeyishga biror narsa kerak. → I need something to eat.
8. Hamma eshitsin deb baland gapirdi. → She spoke loudly so that everyone could hear.
9. Bu yerda qiladigan ish yo‘q. → There’s nothing to do here.

Qisqa xulosa

• Maqsad: to + fe’lning asosiy shakli: I came to learn.
• Why? ga qisqa javob: To + fe’l: To see my friend.
• Maqsad ot bo‘lsa: for + ot: for lunch, for a coffee.
• Narsaning vazifasi: for + -ing: A knife is for cutting.
• for to + fe’l va odam maqsadi uchun for + -ing — xato.
• Rasmiy: in order to, so as to; inkor: so as not to.