Reported Speech: When Tenses Don’t Change
Ko‘chirma gapda zamon siljishi
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Ko‘chirma gapni o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirganda odatda zamon bir qadam orqaga suriladi (bu backshift deyiladi):
“I am tired,” she said. → She said (that) she was tired.
Bu qoidani oldingi “Reported Speech” darsida o‘rgangansiz. Lekin B2 darajasida muhim savol paydo bo‘ladi: zamon har doim o‘zgarishi shartmi? Javob — yo‘q. Ko‘p hollarda zamonni o‘zgartirmasa ham bo‘ladi, ba’zan esa o‘zgartirish xato bo‘ladi.
Asosiy mantiq oddiy: agar gapdagi ma’lumot hozir ham to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, zamonni o‘zgartirmaslik mumkin.
“The Earth is round,” the teacher said. → The teacher said the Earth is round. (bu hamon haqiqat)
O‘zbek tilida bunday muammo yo‘q: biz “U charchaganini aytdi” deymiz va zamonni o‘zgartirmaymiz. Shuning uchun inglizcha qoidalar ba’zan g‘alati tuyuladi.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Zamon siljishi jadvali (takrorlash).
- Kirish fe’li hozirgi zamonda bo‘lsa — siljish yo‘q.
- Hali ham to‘g‘ri bo‘lgan ma’lumot — siljish ixtiyoriy.
- Umumiy haqiqatlar va ilmiy faktlar.
- O‘zgarmaydigan shakllar: would, could, should, might, Past Perfect.
- Vaqt va joy so‘zlari qachon o‘zgaradi.
Zamon siljishi jadvali
Avval asosiy qoidani eslaylik:
| Ko‘chirma gap | O‘zlashtirma gap |
|---|---|
| Present Simple: “I work here.” | Past Simple: He said he worked there. |
| Present Continuous: “I’m working.” | Past Continuous: He said he was working. |
| Present Perfect: “I’ve finished.” | Past Perfect: He said he had finished. |
| Past Simple: “I saw it.” | Past Perfect: He said he had seen it. |
| will: “I’ll call.” | would: He said he would call. |
| can: “I can swim.” | could: He said he could swim. |
| may: “I may come.” | might: He said he might come. |
| must: “I must go.” | had to / must: He said he had to go. |
1-holat: kirish fe’li hozirgi zamonda
Agar kirish fe’li (say, tell, think, know) Present Simple, Present Perfect yoki will shaklida bo‘lsa, zamon o‘zgarmaydi.
- “I’m tired.” → She says she’s tired.U charchaganini aytyapti.
- “I’ll be late.” → He’s told me he’ll be late.U kechikishini aytdi (hozirgina).
- “The meeting is at ten.” → The boss says the meeting is at ten.Boshliq yig‘ilish soat o‘nda ekanini aytyapti.
- “I can’t come.” → She’ll probably say she can’t come.U, ehtimol, kela olmasligini aytadi.
Bu holat ko‘pincha telefon suhbatida, xabarni darhol yetkazishda uchraydi: Mum, Dad says he’s going to be late.
2-holat: ma’lumot hali ham to‘g‘ri
Agar kimdir o‘tmishda aytgan gap hozir ham to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, siljish ixtiyoriy. Ikkala variant ham to‘g‘ri:
- “I live in Tashkent.” → He said he lives / lived in Tashkent.U Toshkentda yashashini aytdi. (u hali ham o‘sha yerda yashaydi)
- “My brother is a doctor.” → She told me her brother is / was a doctor.U akasi shifokor ekanini aytdi.
- “I like spicy food.” → Aziz said he likes / liked spicy food.Aziz achchiq ovqatni yoqtirishini aytdi.
Zamonni o‘zgartirmaslik ma’lumotning hozirgi ahamiyatini ta’kidlaydi. Lekin ma’lumot eskirgan yoki noaniq bo‘lsa, siljish kerak:
- “I’m in Paris.” (o‘tgan oy aytilgan, hozir u qaytib kelgan) → He said he was in Paris.U Parijda ekanini aytgandi.
- “I’m sixteen.” (bu ikki yil oldin edi) → She told me she was sixteen.U o‘n olti yoshda ekanini aytgandi.
Kelajakdagi voqea hali sodir bo‘lmagan bo‘lsa
- “The concert will be on Saturday.” (shanba hali kelmagan) → They said the concert will / would be on Saturday.Ular konsert shanba kuni bo‘lishini aytishdi.
- “The concert will be on Saturday.” (shanba o‘tib ketgan) → They said the concert would be on Saturday.Ular konsert shanba kuni bo‘lishini aytgandi.
3-holat: umumiy haqiqatlar
Ilmiy faktlar, tabiat qonunlari, umumiy haqiqatlar odatda o‘zgarmaydi:
- “Water boils at 100 °C.” → The teacher said water boils at 100 °C.O‘qituvchi suv 100 darajada qaynashini aytdi.
- “The sun rises in the east.” → He explained that the sun rises in the east.U quyosh sharqdan chiqishini tushuntirdi.
- “Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan.” → She said Tashkent is the capital.U Toshkent poytaxt ekanini aytdi.
Bu yerda siljish (boiled, rose, was) xato emas, lekin g‘alati eshitiladi — go‘yo endi bu haqiqat emasdek.
4-holat: o‘zgarmaydigan shakllar
Ba’zi shakllar allaqachon “o‘tgan” shaklda yoki orqaga surilmaydi:
| Ko‘chirma gap | O‘zlashtirma gap |
|---|---|
| “I would help you.” | He said he would help me. |
| “You could try again.” | She said I could try again. |
| “You should see a doctor.” | He said I should see a doctor. |
| “It might rain.” | She said it might rain. |
| “You ought to rest.” | He said I ought to rest. |
| “I had already left.” | She said she had already left. |
| “I used to smoke.” | He said he used to smoke. |
- “You should study harder.” → My teacher said I should study harder.O‘qituvchim qattiqroq o‘qishim kerakligini aytdi.
- “It might snow tonight.” → The forecast said it might snow tonight.Ob-havo bashoratida bugun kechasi qor yog‘ishi mumkinligi aytildi.
must
must ikki xil o‘zgarishi mumkin:
- “You must wear a helmet.” → He said I must / had to wear a helmet.U dubulg‘a kiyishim kerakligini aytdi. (majburiyat — ikkalasi ham)
- “He must be tired.” → She said he must be tired.U charchagan bo‘lsa kerakligini aytdi. (taxmin — o‘zgarmaydi)
Past Simple → Past Perfect: ixtiyoriy
So‘zlashuvda, voqealar tartibi aniq bo‘lsa, Past Simple ko‘pincha o‘zgarmaydi:
- “I saw him on Monday.” → She said she saw / had seen him on Monday.U uni dushanba kuni ko‘rganini aytdi.
Vaqt va joy so‘zlari
Zamon kabi, vaqt va joy so‘zlari ham vaziyatga qarab o‘zgaradi. Agar siz o‘sha kuni, o‘sha joyda gapirayotgan bo‘lsangiz, ular o‘zgarmaydi:
| Ko‘chirma | O‘zlashtirma (boshqa vaqtda) |
|---|---|
| now | then / at that time |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| next week | the following week |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| ago | before / earlier |
- “I’ll call you tomorrow.” (bugun aytilgan, bugun yetkazilyapti) → He said he’ll call you tomorrow.U senga ertaga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishini aytdi.
- “I’ll call you tomorrow.” (bir oy oldin aytilgan) → He said he would call me the next day.U menga ertasi kuni qo‘ng‘iroq qilishini aytgandi.
Bosqichma-bosqich
- Kirish fe’li hozirgi zamondami? (says, has said) → zamon o‘zgarmaydi.
- Umumiy haqiqat yoki ilmiy faktmi? → odatda o‘zgarmaydi.
- Ma’lumot hozir ham to‘g‘rimi? → siljish ixtiyoriy.
- would, could, should, might, Past Perfect? → o‘zgarmaydi.
- Boshqa holatlarda → bir qadam orqaga suring.
- Vaqt va joy so‘zlari → vaziyatga qarab o‘zgartiring.
Misol: “Men Samarqandda yashayman,” — dedi u. (u hali ham o‘sha yerda yashaydi)
- Ma’lumot hali ham to‘g‘ri → ikkala variant.
Misol: “Siz shifokorga ko‘rinishingiz kerak,” — dedi u.
- should — o‘zgarmaydi.
Misol: Boshliq hozir aytyapti: “Yig‘ilish bekor qilindi.”
- Kirish fe’li hozirgi zamonda → o‘zgarmaydi.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ She says she was tired. (hozir aytyapti)
✓ She says she is tired.
Kirish fe’li hozirda — siljish yo‘q.
✗ He said I should to see a doctor.
✓ He said I should see a doctor.
should + fe’l.
✗ He said I shoulded see a doctor.
✓ He said I should see a doctor.
should o‘zgarmaydi.
✗ The teacher said water boiled at 100 °C.
✓ The teacher said water boils at 100 °C.
Umumiy haqiqat — odatda o‘zgarmaydi.
✗ She said it may rain tomorrow. (bir oy oldin)
✓ She said it might rain the next day.
may → might, vaqt so‘zi ham o‘zgaradi.
✗ He said he would came.
✓ He said he would come.
would + oddiy fe’l.
✗ She told she was busy.
✓ She told me she was busy. / She said she was busy.
tell + kishi.
✗ He said he had would help.
✓ He said he would help.
would o‘zgarmaydi.
✗ He said me that he was tired.
✓ He told me / He said that he was tired.
say me — xato.
Eslab qoling: zamon o‘zgarmaydi, agar: kirish fe’li hozirgi zamonda; ma’lumot hamon to‘g‘ri (ixtiyoriy); umumiy haqiqat; shakl would / could / should / might / Past Perfect.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Ofisda
- — Did you talk to Aziz?— Aziz bilan gaplashdingmi?
- — Yes. He says he’s stuck in traffic and he’ll be here in twenty minutes.— Ha. Tirbandlikda qolganini, yigirma daqiqada yetib kelishini aytyapti.
- — And what about the report?— Hisobot-chi?
- — He said he had already sent it yesterday.— Uni kecha yuborib bo‘lganini aytdi.
- — I haven’t received it. He said that last week too!— Men olmadim. O‘tgan hafta ham shunday degandi!
Shifokordan keyin
- — What did the doctor say?— Shifokor nima dedi?
- — She said it wasn’t serious, but I should rest for a few days.— Jiddiy emasligini, lekin bir necha kun dam olishim kerakligini aytdi.
- — Did she give you any medicine?— Biror dori berdimi?
- — Yes. She said I must take it twice a day and that I might feel a bit sleepy.— Ha. Kuniga ikki marta ichishim kerakligini va biroz uyqum kelishi mumkinligini aytdi.
Kichik matn: “Fizika darsi”
Yesterday in physics, our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. He said that this is why we see lightning before we hear thunder. Then he asked if anyone had ever seen a solar eclipse. My friend said she had seen one in Turkey a few years before. The teacher said we would do an experiment the next day and that we should bring a notebook. He also said that the exam will be in two weeks — so I need to start studying now!
Matndagi o‘zlashtirma gaplarni toping. Qaysi gaplarda zamon o‘zgarmagan va nima uchun? (travels, is — umumiy haqiqat; will be — hali sodir bo‘lmagan voqea; should, would — o‘zgarmaydigan shakllar.)
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- “Men charchadim,” — deyapti u (qiz). → She says she’s tired.
- “Yer Quyosh atrofida aylanadi,” — dedi o‘qituvchi. → The teacher said the Earth goes round the Sun.
- “Siz ko‘proq dam olishingiz kerak,” — dedi shifokor. → The doctor said I should rest more.
- “Men Buxoroda yashayman,” — dedi u (hali ham yashaydi). → He said he lives / lived in Bukhara.
- “Ertaga yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin,” — dedi u (bir hafta oldin). → She said it might rain the next day.
- “Men uni allaqachon ko‘rgan edim,” — dedi u. → He said he had already seen it.
Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.
Qisqa xulosa
- Odatiy qoida: zamon bir qadam orqaga suriladi.
- Kirish fe’li hozirgi zamonda (says, has said, will say) → siljish yo‘q.
- Ma’lumot hamon to‘g‘ri → siljish ixtiyoriy.
- Umumiy haqiqatlar va ilmiy faktlar → odatda o‘zgarmaydi.
- would, could, should, might, ought to, used to, Past Perfect → o‘zgarmaydi.
- must — majburiyatda must / had to, taxminda must.
- Vaqt va joy so‘zlari (tomorrow, here) — vaziyatga qarab o‘zgaradi.